Abezindaba baseBrithani: I-United States ilandela intambo eqinile, umbuzo kuphela ukuthi iyiphi into etafuleni le-periodic ezolandela
[Umbhalo/Inethiwekhi Yabaqapheli Qi Qian] I-China yethule izilawuli zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezintweni ezifanele ezisetshenziswa kabili e-United States ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, okwadonsela ukunaka komhlaba wonke futhi izingxoxo ezihlobene nazo ziyaqhubeka nanamuhla.
I-Reuters ibike ngoDisemba 18 ukuthi iShayina ibusa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile. Kulesi simo, ukuqhubeka kwe-United States icindezela imboni yezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu yaseShayina ngokusobala "kuwukuhamba ngentambo eqinile": ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifuna ukusebenzisa intela ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo eShayina; ngakolunye uhlangothi, izama ukugwema ukuziphindiselela okuphelele okuvela eShayina ngaphambi kokwakha amandla okukhiqiza ahlukile.
Umbiko uthe njengamanje, izimbiwa ezibalulekile zizoba “isikhali esikhethwa yiShayina” ekubhekaneni nengxabano yezohwebo ekhulayo ne-United States. “Umbuzo kuphela ukuthi iyiphi insimbi ebalulekile eshadini lezikhathi ezithile iShayina eyikhetha ngokulandelayo.”
Ngomhlaka-3 Disemba, uMnyango Wezohwebo waseShayina wakhipha isimemezelo, wamemezela ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuthunyelwa kwe-gallium, i-germanium, i-antimony, izinto eziqinile, i-graphite, nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kabili e-United States.
Lesi simemezelo sidinga ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswa kabili zingavunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kubasebenzisi bezempi base-US noma ngezinjongo zempi; ngokomthetho, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili njenge-gallium, i-germanium, i-antimony, nezinto eziqinile e-US ngeke kuvunyelwe; futhi kuzobuyekezwa ngokujulile abasebenzisi kanye nokusetshenziswa ekugcineni ukuze kuthunyelwe izinto ze-graphite ezisetshenziswa kabili e-US Lesi simemezelo sigcizelela nokuthi noma iyiphi inhlangano noma umuntu kunoma yiliphi izwe noma isifunda ophula imithetho efanele uzobhekana nomthetho.
I-Reuters ithe lesi sinyathelo saseShayina siwukuphendula okusheshayo emzuliswaneni omusha we-United States wokuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-chip eShayina.
“Lokhu kuwukukhuphuka okuhleliwe ngokucophelela,” kusho umbiko, “lapho iShayina isebenzisa khona isikhundla sayo sokuphatha ezintweni ezibalulekile ukuze iziphindiselele ekuhlaselweni kwe-US ngamakhono ayo obuchwepheshe obuphezulu.”
Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-United States Geological Survey, ngonyaka odlule, i-United States ithembele ku-100% ekuthengeni i-gallium, kanti i-China ithembele ku-21% wokungenisa kwayo; i-United States ithembele ekuthengeni i-gallium.i-antimonyku-82%, kanye nangaphezulu kuka-50% we-germanium, kanti i-China ikhiqiza u-63% kanye no-26% wokungeniswa kwayo, ngokulandelana. I-United States Geological Survey ixwayise ngokuthi ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwe-China kokuthunyelwa kwe-gallium kanye ne-germanium kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okuqondile okungu-$3.4 billion emnothweni wase-US futhi kubangele umphumela wokuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwe-supply chain.
UGovini, inkampani yezobunhloli bezokuvikela yase-US, usanda kukhipha umbiko othi ukuvinjelwa kweShayina ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile zase-US kuzothinta ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kuwo wonke amagatsha ezempi yase-US, okubandakanya izinhlelo zezikhali ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 kanye nezingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-20,000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvinjelwa kwakamuva kweShayina “kuthinte kakhulu” uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwe-gallium, i-germanium, kanye ne-antimony. I-Bloomberg iphawule ukuthi iShayina ibeke isibonelo ekuvimbeleni izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi zithengise imikhiqizo e-United States. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, “ukungalandeli imithetho” ekulawulweni kwezijeziso kwakubonakala sengathi bekulokhu kuyilungelo le-United States kanye namazwe aseNtshonalanga.
Ngemva kokuba iShayina imemezele imikhawulo emisha yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, intengo yomhlaba wonke ye-antimony ikhuphuke isuka ku-$13,000 ngethani ekuqaleni konyaka yaya ku-$38,000. Intengo ye-germanium ikhuphuke isuka ku-$1,650 yaya ku-$2,862 phakathi nenkathi efanayo.
I-Reuters ikholelwa ukuthi i-United States “ihamba ngentambo eqinile”: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifuna ukusebenzisa intela ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo eShayina; ngakolunye uhlangothi, izama ukugwema ukuziphindiselela okuphelele okuvela eShayina ngaphambi kokwakha amandla okukhiqiza ahlukile. Kodwa-ke iqiniso liwukuthi i-United States incike kakhulu ekungenisweni kwezinsimbi ezibalulekile, futhi iShayina kulindeleke ukuthi ikhulise izinyathelo zayo zokuziphindiselela emkhakheni wezinsimbi ezibalulekile.
Okokuqala, uhulumeni kaBiden utshale izigidigidi zamaRandi ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha amandla okukhiqiza asekhaya amaminerali abalulekile, kodwa intuthuko cishe izohamba kancane.
I-United States ihlela ukuvula kabusha imayini ye-antimony e-Idaho, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kokuqala akulindelekile kuze kube ngu-2028. Iprosesa ye-antimony kuphela e-United States, i-American Antimony, ihlela ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kodwa isadinga ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okwanele okuvela eceleni. I-United States ayikaze ikhiqize noma iyiphi i-gallium yomdabu kusukela ngo-1987.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkinga enkulu ebhekene ne-United States ukuthi i-China ibusa kangakanani uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emkhakheni wezamaminerali abalulekile. Ngokusho kwe-Center for Strategic and International Studies, ithangi lokucabanga lase-US, i-China ingumhlinzeki omkhulu wamaminerali angu-26 kwangu-50 abhalwe njengamanje njengamaminerali abalulekile yi-US Geological Survey. Iningi lala maminerali lisohlwini "lokulawula ukusetshenziswa okuphindwe kabili" lwaseShayina kanye ne-gallium, i-germanium, kanye ne-antimony.
Umbiko uveze ukuthi e-United States, isimemezelo seShayina sokulawula okuqinile ukuthunyelwa kwe-graphite “siwuphawu olubi kakhulu”, okubonisa ukuthi isimo sokuziphindiselela phakathi kweShayina ne-United States sisakazekela emkhakheni wezinsimbi zamabhethri. Lokhu kusho ukuthi “uma imboni yezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu yaseShayina iqhubeka nokuvunyelwa yi-United States, iShayina isenezindlela eziningi zokuhlasela.”
I-Reuters ithe uMongameli okhethiwe wase-US uTrump usongela ngokubeka intela ephelele kuzo zonke izimpahla zaseShayina ngaphambi kokuthatha izintambo. Kodwa umbuzo omkhulu ngohulumeni kaTrump wesikhathi esizayo ukuthi i-United States ingamelana kangakanani nokuhlasela kweShayina emkhakheni wezinsimbi ezibalulekile.
Kulokhu, uStephen Roach, isazi sezomnotho saseMelika esidumile kanye nomfundi ophakeme eYale University, usanda kushicilela isihloko esixwayisa uhulumeni wase-US. Uveze ukuthi ukuhlasela okusheshayo kweShayina kulokhu kubangele “isiteleka sokuhlinzwa” ezimbonini ezibalulekile zase-US; uma i-United States iqhubeka nokwandisa impikiswano yezohwebo, izenzo zokuziphindiselela zaseShayina nazo zingase zande, ngoba “iShayina isenamakhadi amaningi ‘e-trump’ esandleni sayo.”
Ngomhlaka-17 Disemba, i-South China Morning Post yaseHong Kong icaphune ukuhlaziywa kokuthi yize ezinye zezinyathelo zokulwa zakamuva zaseShayina zihloselwe uhulumeni kaBiden, lezi zenzo ezisheshayo zinikeze “izinkomba” zendlela iShayina ezobhekana ngayo nohulumeni olandelayo wase-US oholwa nguTrump. “IShayina inesibindi sokulwa futhi inekhono lokulwa” futhi “kuthatha abantu ababili ukuze i-tango”… izazi zaseShayina zaze zagcizelela ukuthi iShayina isilungele uTrump.
Iwebhusayithi ye-US Politico iphinde yacaphuna ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ezenziwa yiShayina zibhekiswe kakhulu kuMongameli ozayo wase-US okhethiwe kunoMongameli wamanje uBiden. "AmaShayina ayakwazi ukubheka ikusasa, futhi lokhu kuyisibonakaliso kuhulumeni olandelayo wase-US."