Ziyini i-Rare-Earths?
Ama-Rare earths, aziwa nangokuthi ama-rare earth elements, abhekisela kuma-element angu-17 kuthebula le-periodic afaka uchungechunge lwe-lanthanide kusukela kuzinombolo ze-athomu 57, i-lanthanum (La) kuya ku-71, i-lutetium (Lu), kanye ne-scandium (Sc) kanye ne-yttrium (Y).
Kusukela egameni, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi lezi “azivamile,” kodwa ngokweminyaka engabalulekanga (isilinganiso sezinto ezigciniwe eziqinisekisiwe ekukhiqizweni kwaminyaka yonke) kanye nobuningi bazo ngaphakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba, empeleni ziningi kakhulu kune-led noma i-zinc.
Ngokusebenzisa ngempumelelo umhlaba ongavamile, umuntu angalindela izinguquko ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe obuvamile; izinguquko ezifana nokusungula ubuchwepheshe ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okusha, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqina kwezinto zokwakha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla kwemishini nemishini kagesi.
Mayelana nama-Oxide e-Rare-Earth
Iqembu le-Rare-Earth Oxides ngezinye izikhathi libizwa ngokuthi yi-Rare Earths noma ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi i-REO. Ezinye izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile zithole ukusetshenziswa okuningi okuyisisekelo komhlaba ekubumbeni izinsimbi, izinto zobumba, ukwenza ingilazi, udayi, ama-laser, amathelevishini nezinye izingxenye zikagesi. Ukubaluleka kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokuqinisekile kuyanda. Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi izinto eziningi eziqukethe umhlaba ezingavamile ezinezicelo zezimboni zingama-oxide, noma zitholakala kuma-oxide.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezinkulu nezivuthiwe kwama-oxide omhlaba angavamile, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekwakhiweni kwama-catalyst (njengokuhlela kabusha kwezimoto ngezindlela ezintathu), ezimbonini ezihlobene nengilazi (ukwenza ingilazi, ukususa umbala noma ukufaka umbala, ukupholisha ingilazi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene), kanye nokukhiqiza omazibuthe abangapheli kubalwa cishe u-70% wokusetshenziswa kwama-oxide omhlaba angavamile. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezimboni ziphathelene nemboni yensimbi (esetshenziswa njengezithasiselo kuma-alloy ensimbi e-Fe noma e-Al), izinto zobumba (ikakhulukazi esimweni se-Y), izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene nokukhanya (ngendlela yama-phosphors), njengezingxenye ze-alloy yebhethri, noma kumaseli kaphethiloli e-oxide eqinile, phakathi kokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kodwa okungabalulekile kangako, kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphansi, njengokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwezinhlelo ze-nanoparticulated eziqukethe ama-oxide omhlaba angavamile ekwelapheni umdlavuza noma njengezimpawu zokuthola umdlavuza, noma njengezimonyo ze-sunscreen zokuvikela isikhumba.
Mayelana nama-Rare-Earth Compounds
Ama-Rare-Earth Compounds ahlanzekile kakhulu akhiqizwa ngama-ore ngale ndlela elandelayo: ukuhlushwa ngokomzimba (isb., ukuntanta), ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlanzwa kwesisombululo ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent, ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent, imvula ye-rare earth compound ngayinye. Ekugcineni lawa ma-compounds akha i-carbonate, i-hydroxide, i-phosphates kanye ne-fluoride ethengiswayo.
Cishe u-40% womkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa ngendlela yensimbi—ekwenzeni omaginethi, ama-electrode ebhethri, kanye nama-alloy. Izinsimbi zenziwa ngama-compounds angenhla ngokushintsha usawoti ohlanganiswe ngokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngama-reductants ensimbi, isibonelo, i-calcium noma i-lanthanum.
I-Rare earth isetshenziswa kakhulu kulezi zinto ezilandelayo:
●Mama-agnethi (amagnethi angafika ku-100 ngemoto entsha)
● Ama-Catalyst (ukukhishwa kwezimoto kanye nokuqhekeka kukaphethiloli)
● Izimpushana zokupholisha ingilazi zezikrini zethelevishini namadiski okugcina idatha yengilazi
● Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe (ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezixubile)
● Ama-Photonics (amadivayisi okukhanya, ukukhanya kanye nokukhulisa ukukhanya)
● Omaginethi kanye nama-photonics kulindeleke ukuthi akhule kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo
I-UrbanMines inikeza ikhathalogi ephelele yamakhemikhali ahlanzekile kakhulu kanye namakhemikhali ahlanzekile kakhulu. Ukubaluleka kwama-Rare Earth Compounds kukhula kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile futhi awanakushintshwa emikhiqizweni eminingi kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Sihlinzeka ngama-Rare Earth Compounds ngamamaki ahlukene ngokuya ngezidingo zamakhasimende ngamanye, okusebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.
Zisetshenziswa kuphi izinto ezingavamile emhlabeni?
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-rare earths ezimbonini kwakuwukusebenzisa i-flint kuma-lighter. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa nokucwenga babungakathuthukiswa, ngakho-ke kwasetshenziswa ingxube yezinto eziningi ze-rare earth kanye nosawoti noma i-misch metal engashintshiwe (i-alloy).
Kusukela ngawo-1960, ukuhlukaniswa nokucwengwa kwaba nokwenzeka futhi izakhiwo eziqukethwe kuwo wonke umhlaba ongavamile zabonakala. Ukuze zithuthukiswe kwezimboni, zaqala ukusetshenziswa njenge-cathode-ray tube phosphors kuma-TV anemibala kanye namalensi ekhamera anamandla okukhanya. Ziye zaqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekunciphiseni usayizi nesisindo samakhompyutha, amakhamera edijithali, amadivayisi omsindo nokuningi ngokusebenzisa kwazo kuma-magnets ahlala njalo asebenza kahle kakhulu namabhethri ashajwayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, bebelokhu bethola ukunakwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-alloys ezimunca i-hydrogen kanye ne-magnetostriction alloys.
