He aha nā Honua Kakaikahi?
ʻO nā honua laha ʻole, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau mea honua laha ʻole, pili i 17 mau mea ma ka papa periodic e komo pū ana me ka moʻo lanthanide mai nā helu atomika 57, lanthanum (La) a i 71, lutetium (Lu), me scandium (Sc) a me yttrium (Y).
Mai ka inoa mai, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo he "kākaʻikahi" kēia, akā ma ke ʻano o nā makahiki hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia (ka lakio o nā waihona i hōʻoia ʻia i ka hana makahiki) a me ko lākou nui i loko o ka ʻili o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o ke alakaʻi a i ʻole ka zinc.
Ma ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā honua laha ʻole, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo i nā loli nui i ka ʻenehana kuʻuna; nā loli e like me ka hana hou ʻenehana ma o ka hana hou, nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa i nā mea kūkulu a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka ikehu no nā mīkini uila a me nā lako.
E pili ana i nā ʻokikene honua laha ʻole
ʻO ka Rare-Earth Oxides Group i kekahi manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo Rare Earths wale nō a i kekahi manawa ʻo REO. Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau metala honua kakaʻikahi nā noi maʻamau i ka metallurgy, ceramics, hana aniani, dyes, lasers, televise a me nā ʻāpana uila ʻē aʻe. Ke piʻi nei ke koʻikoʻi o nā metala honua kakaʻikahi. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia hoʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i loaʻa ka honua kakaʻikahi me nā noi ʻoihana he oxides paha, a i ʻole i loaʻa mai nā oxides.
E pili ana i nā noi nui a me nā noi makua o nā oxides honua laha ʻole, ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano catalysts (e like me ke catalysis automotive ʻekolu ala), i nā ʻoihana e pili ana i ke aniani (hana aniani, decoloring a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, polishing aniani a me nā noi pili ʻē aʻe), a me ka hana ʻana o nā magnets mau loa no kahi kokoke i 70% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā oxides honua laha ʻole. ʻO nā noi ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻoihana metallurgy (hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he additive i loko o nā metala Fe a i ʻole Al), nā keramika (ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hihia o Y), nā noi e pili ana i ka mālamalama (ma ke ʻano o nā phosphors), ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana metala pākahiko, a i ʻole i loko o nā cell wahie oxide paʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, akā ʻaʻole emi iki ka nui, aia nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hoʻohana biomedical o nā ʻōnaehana nanoparticulated e loaʻa ana nā oxides honua laha ʻole no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a i ʻole he mau māka ʻike tumoral, a i ʻole he mau mea hoʻonaninani sunscreens no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili.
E pili ana i nā hui honua laha ʻole
Hoʻopuka ʻia nā hui honua laha ʻole maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe mai nā ores ma o kēia ʻano hana: ka hoʻohuihui kino (e laʻa, ka flotation), ka leaching, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hopena ma o ka unuhi ʻana i ka solvent, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka honua laha ʻole ma o ka unuhi ʻana i ka solvent, ka hoʻopulapula ʻana i nā hui honua laha ʻole. ʻO ka hope loa, hoʻokumu kēia mau hui i ka carbonate, hydroxide, phosphates a me fluorides kūʻai ʻia.
Ma kahi o 40% o ka hana honua laha ʻole e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano metala—no ka hana ʻana i nā magnet, nā electrodes pila, a me nā alloys. Hana ʻia nā metala mai nā hui i luna ma o ka electrowinning paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe me nā mea hoʻemi metala, no ka laʻana, calcium a lanthanum paha.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea kanu lepo laha ʻole i nā mea i lalo:
●Mnā agnets (a hiki i 100 mau magnet no kēlā me kēia kaʻa hou)
● Nā mea hoʻoulu (ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā kaʻa a me ka haki ʻana o ka petroleum)
● Nā pauka hoʻowali aniani no nā pale kīwī a me nā diski mālama ʻikepili aniani
● Nā pila hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia (ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā kaʻa hybrid)
● Nā mea hana Photonics (luminescence, fluorescence a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mālamalama)
● Manaʻo ʻia e ulu nui nā makeneka a me nā photonics i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana
Hāʻawi ʻo UrbanMines i kahi papa inoa piha o nā hui maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā hui maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke ulu ikaika nei ke koʻikoʻi o nā hui honua laha ʻole i nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi he nui a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā huahana a me nā kaʻina hana. Hāʻawi mākou i nā hui honua laha ʻole i nā papa like ʻole e like me nā koi o kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai aku, kahi e lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he mea maka waiwai nui i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
He aha nā mea e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai nā Rare-Earths?
ʻO ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o nā mea honua laha ʻole no ka ʻili pōhaku i loko o nā mea hoʻomāmā. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui ʻana o nā mea honua laha ʻole a me ka paʻakai a i ʻole ka metala misch i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia (alloy).
Mai nā makahiki 1960, ua hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a ua ʻike maopopo ʻia nā waiwai i loko o kēlā me kēia honua laha ʻole. No ko lākou ʻoihana ʻana, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he phosphors paipu cathode-ray no nā TV kala a ma nā aniani kāmela refractive kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomau lākou e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui a me ke kaumaha o nā kamepiula, nā kāmela kikohoʻe, nā mea leo a me nā mea hou aku ma o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā magnet mau loa hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā pila hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka manaʻo ma ke ʻano he mea maka no nā mea hoʻohuihui hydrogen-absorbing a me nā mea hoʻohui magnetostriction.
