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ʻO ka Hafnium Tetrachloride
ʻO ka Hafnium Tetrachloride (HfCl₄)He hui inorganic waiwai nui ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea mua i ka synthesis o nā keramika wela kiʻekiʻe, nā mea phosphor no nā diode hoʻomālamalama kiʻekiʻe (LED), a me nā mea hoʻouluulu heterogeneous. ʻO ka mea nui, hōʻike ia i ka acidity Lewis koʻikoʻi, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i ka maikaʻi loa i ka polymerization olefin a me nā hoʻololi organik like ʻole. Hoʻokele ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā noi i ka hana semiconductor, ka ʻenekinia aerospace, a me nā mea uila hanauna hou, ua hōʻike ka noi honua no HfCl₄ i ka ulu mau. Eia nō naʻe, ke koi mau nei kāna hana ʻoihana-ʻoihana - e koi ana i ka kaohi kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi, nā mea hānai ultra-kiʻekiʻe-purity, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā lula kaiapuni, olakino, a me ka palekana (EHS) koʻikoʻi. Hāʻawi ʻia i kāna kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hiki ʻana i nā mea hana hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻouluulu kūikawā, ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo HfCl₄ he mea maka koʻikoʻi no ka ʻepekema mea holomua a me ka synthesis kemika maikaʻi.
Hafnium, 72Hf helehelena Hina kila Helu ʻātoma (Z) 72 Pae ma STP Paʻa Kiko heheʻe 2506 K (2233℃, 4051 ℉) Kikowaena paila 4876 K (4603 ℃, 8317 ℃) Ka nui (ma 20 ℃) 13.281 g/cm3 Ke wai (ma mp) 12 g/cm3 Ka wela o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana 27.2 kJ/mol Ka wela o ka mahu 648 kJ/mol Ka mana wela molar 25.73 J/(mol·K) Ka mana wela kikoʻī 144.154 J/(kg·K) Kūlana ʻoihana o 5N Purity Grade Hafnium Tetrachloride
Hōʻailona Li 7 (ppb) E lilo i 9 (ppb) Na 23 (ppb) Mg 24 (ppb) Al 27 (ppb) K 39 (ppb) Ca40 (ppb) V 51 (ppb) Cr 52 (ppb) Mn 55 (ppb) Fe 56 (ppb) Co 59 (ppb) Ni 60 (ppb) Cu 63 (ppb) Zn 66 (ppb) Ga 69 (ppb) Ge 74 (ppb) Sr 87 (ppb) UMHT5N 0.371 2.056 17.575 6.786 87.888 31.963 66.976 0.000 74.184 34.945 1413.776 21.639 216.953 2.194 20.241 12.567 8.769 3846.227 Zr 90 (ppb) Nb 93 (ppb) Mo98 (ppb) Pd106 (ppb) ʻAg 107 (ppb) E like me 108 (ppb) Cd 111 (ppb) I loko o 115 (ppb) Sn 118 (ppb) Sb 121 (ppb) Ti131 (ppb) Ba 138 (ppb) W 184 (ppb) Au -2197 (ppb) Hg 202 (ppb) Tl 205 (ppb) Pb 208 (ppb) Bi 209 (ppb) 41997.655 8.489 181.362 270.662 40.536 49.165 5.442 0.127 26.237 1.959 72.198 0.776 121.391 1707.062 68.734 0.926 14.582 36.176 Manaʻo: Ua ʻike ʻia nā palena i luna e ICP-MS.
ʻO Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄) he mea paʻa crystalline ʻole kala me ke kaumaha molekala o 320.30 g/mol a me ka CAS Registry Number 13499-05-3. Hoʻoheheʻe ia ma 320 °C a ke komo nei i ka sublimation ma kahi o 317 °C ma lalo o ke kaomi ambient. He hygroscopic loa ka hui a pane exothermically a ikaika me ka makū, e pono ai ka mālama ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana lewa anhydrous, inert (e laʻa, argon a nitrogen paha) i loko o nā pahu i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia. Ma muli o kona corrosivity ikaika, hiki i ka pili pololei ʻana me ka ʻili a i ʻole nā maka ke hopena i nā kuni kemika nui. Ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli corrosive Class 8 (UN2509), pono ka lawelawe ʻana i nā lako pale pilikino kūpono (PPE), me nā mīkina lima pale kemika, nā goggles, a me ka pale hanu kahi e hiki ai ka hana lepo.
He aha ka mea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo Hafnium Tetrachloride?
ʻO ka Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄)he hui inorganic versatile ia, ma muli o kona mau waiwai kemika kūikawā, loaʻa nā noi nui ma nā kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe he nui:
- Nā Semiconductors a me nā Mea Uila: Hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kiʻekiʻe-dielectric-constant (e like me ka hafnium dioxide), i hoʻohana ʻia i nā papa insulating gate transistor e hoʻonui nui i ka hana chip. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale vapor chemical (CVD) e waiho i nā ʻili lahilahi hafnium metallic a i ʻole hafnium compound, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā transistors hana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, a pēlā aku.
- Nā Keramika Mahana Kiʻekiʻe Loa a me ka Aerospace: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea keramika mahana kiʻekiʻe loa, e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. He kūpono kēia mau keramika no nā wahi koʻikoʻi e like me nā ʻāpana wela o ka mīkini mokulele a me nā nozzles rocket. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻopili LED mana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopuehu wela o ka hāmeʻa a me ke ola.
- Catalysis a me Organic Synthesis: Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu waikawa Lewis kūpono, hoʻolaha ia i nā hopena e like me ka polymerization olefin (e laʻa, ma ke ʻano he precursor no nā mea hoʻouluulu Ziegler-Natta), esterification o nā alcohols a me nā waikawa, acylation, a me 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, e hoʻonui ana i nā helu hopena a me ke koho ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ia i ka synthesis kemika maikaʻi o nā mea ʻala a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
- ʻOihana Nukelea: Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona kūpaʻa wela a me ke kemika maikaʻi, hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu reactor nukelea a ma ke ʻano he mau mea uhi no nā wahie nukelea, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke kūpaʻa wela.
- ʻĀpana Ikehu: Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā mea electrolyte paʻa e like me ka lithium hafnium phosphate no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pila lithium conductivity ionic kiʻekiʻe. Hana pū ia ma ke ʻano he mea mua no nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe-mana i loko o nā pila lithium a me sodium-ion.
- Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Zirconium-Hafnium: Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka volatility ma waena o ka zirconium tetrachloride a me ka hafnium tetrachloride, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale pono ʻia lākou ma o ka distillation fractional a i ʻole ke kinoea chromatography. He ʻano hana koʻikoʻi kēia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hafnium maʻemaʻe.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka hafnium tetrachloride i nā semiconductors, nā mea holomua, catalysis, ikehu nukelea, a me nā ʻāpana ikehu hou, e hoʻokumu ana iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he mea nui i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā.