Imikhiqizo
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I-Hafnium Tetrachloride
I-Hafnium Tetrachloride (HfCl₄)iyinhlanganisela ye-inorganic enenani eliphezulu esetshenziswa kabanzi njengesandulela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-ceramics esezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa, izinto ze-phosphor zama-diode akhipha ukukhanya anamandla aphezulu (ama-LED), kanye nama-catalyst angafani. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ikhombisa i-Lewis acidity eyingqayizivele, okwenza isebenze kahle kakhulu ekupholiseni kwe-olefin kanye nokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinto eziphilayo. Iqhutshwa ukwanda kwezicelo ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor, ubunjiniyela bezindiza, kanye nezinto ze-elekthronikhi zesizukulwane esilandelayo, isidingo somhlaba wonke se-HfCl₄ sibonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwezimboni kusalokhu kudinga ubuchwepheshe - kudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile, izitsha zokudla ezihlanzekile kakhulu, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho eqinile yezemvelo, impilo, kanye nokuphepha (EHS). Njengoba inendima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni izinto zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nama-catalyst akhethekile, i-HfCl₄ iyaziwa kakhulu njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo zesayensi yezinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle.
I-Hafnium, 72Hf Ukubukeka Insimbi empunga Inombolo ye-athomu (Z) 72 Isigaba ku-STP Okuqinile Indawo yokuncibilika 2506 K (2233℃, 4051 ℉) Indawo yokubilisa 4876 K (4603 ℃, 8317 ℃) Ubuningi (ku-20℃) 13.281 g/cm3 Uma uketshezi (at mp) 12 g/cm3 Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa 27.2 kJ/mol Ukushisa kokushisa 648 kJ/mol Umthamo wokushisa we-molar 25.73 J/(mol·K) Umthamo wokushisa othize 144.154 J/(kg·K) Izinga Lebhizinisi le-5N Purity Grade Hafnium Tetrachloride
Uphawu I-Li 7 (ppb) I-Be 9 (ppb) I-Na 23 (ppb) I-Mg 24 (ppb) I-Al 27 (ppb) K 39 (ppb) I-Ca 40 (ppb) V 51 (ppb) I-Cr 52 (ppb) Mn 55 (ppb) I-Fe 56 (ppb) I-Co 59 (ppb) I-Ni 60 (ppb) I-Cu 63 (ppb) I-Zn 66 (ppb) I-Ga 69 (ppb) I-Ge 74 (ppb) Isigaba 87 (ppb) I-UMHT5N 0.371 2.056 17.575 6.786 87.888 31.963 66.976 0.000 74.184 34.945 1413.776 21.639 216.953 2.194 20.241 12.567 8.769 3846.227 I-Zr 90 (ppb) I-Nb 93 (ppb) I-Mo98 (ppb) I-Pd106 (ppb) I-Ag 107 (ppb) Njengoba 108 (ppb) I-CD 111 (ppb) Ku-115 (ppb) I-Sn 118 (ppb) I-Sb 121 (ppb) I-Ti131 (ppb) I-Ba 138 (ppb) W 184 (ppb) Au -2197 (ppb) I-Hg 202 (ppb) I-Tl 205 (ppb) I-Pb 208 (ppb) I-Bi 209 (ppb) 41997.655 8.489 181.362 270.662 40.536 49.165 5.442 0.127 26.237 1.959 72.198 0.776 121.391 1707.062 68.734 0.926 14.582 36.176 Amazwana: Amapharamitha angenhla atholwe yi-ICP-MS.
I-Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄) iyi-crystalline eqinile engenambala, enesisindo sama-molecule esingu-320.30 g/mol kanye ne-CAS Registry Number 13499-05-3. Iyancibilika ku-320 °C futhi idlula ku-sublimation cishe ku-317 °C ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-ambient. Le nhlanganisela i-hygroscopic kakhulu futhi isabela ngendlela engaphandle nangokweqile ngomswakama, okudinga ukugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya ezingenamanzi, ezingangenisi amanzi (isb. i-argon noma i-nitrogen) ezitsheni ezivalwe kahle. Ngenxa yokugqwala kwayo okunamandla, ukuthintana ngqo nesikhumba noma amehlo kungabangela ukusha okukhulu kwamakhemikhali. Njengento eyingozi ebolile ye-Class 8 (UN2509), ukuphathwa kwayo kudinga imishini yokuzivikela efanele (i-PPE), kufaka phakathi amagilavu, izibuko zokuvikela, kanye nokuvikelwa kokuphefumula lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhiqiza uthuli.
I-Hafnium Tetrachloride isetshenziselwani?
I-Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄)iyinhlanganisela eguquguqukayo ye-inorganic, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile, ethola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emikhakheni eminingi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu:
- Ama-Semiconductor kanye nezinto ze-elekthronikhi: Isebenza njengesandulela esiyinhloko sokulungiselela izinto ezihlala njalo nge-dielectric (njenge-hafnium dioxide), ezisetshenziswa ezingqimbeni zokuvikela isango le-transistor ukuze kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-chip. Iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi ezinqubweni zokufaka umhwamuko wamakhemikhali (i-CVD) ukuze kufakwe amafilimu amancane e-hafnium noma e-hafnium compound, asetshenziswa kuma-transistors asebenza kahle, kumadivayisi ememori, njll.
- I-Ceramics Nezindiza Ezinokushisa Okuphezulu Kakhulu: Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zobumba ezinokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, ezibonisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Lezi zibumba zifanelekela izindawo ezibucayi njengezingxenye ezishisayo zenjini yendiza kanye nama-nozzle e-rocket. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziswa ezintweni zokupakisha ze-LED ezinamandla aphezulu ukuthuthukisa ukushabalaliswa kokushisa kwedivayisi kanye nokuphila kwayo.
- I-Catalysis kanye ne-Organic Synthesis: Njenge-catalyst esebenza kahle ye-Lewis acid, ikhuthaza ukusabela okufana ne-olefin polymerization (isb., njengesandulela se-Ziegler-Natta catalysts), i-esterification yama-alcohols nama-acid, i-acylation, kanye ne-1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, okuthuthukisa amazinga okusabela kanye nokukhetha. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle amakha kanye nemithi.
- Imboni Yenuzi: Isebenzisa ukuzinza kwayo okuhle kokushisa kanye namakhemikhali, isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokupholisa i-nuclear reactor kanye nezinto zokumboza amafutha enuzi, ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuzinza kokushisa.
- Umkhakha Wamandla: Isetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza yokwenza izinto ze-electrolyte eziqinile njenge-lithium hafnium phosphate ukuthuthukisa amabhethri e-lithium anamandla aphezulu okuqhuba i-ionic. Iphinde isebenze njengesandulela sezinto ze-cathode ezinamandla aphezulu kumabhethri e-lithium ne-sodium-ion.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Zirconium-Hafnium: Ukusebenzisa umehluko wokuguquguquka phakathi kwe-zirconium tetrachloride ne-hafnium tetrachloride, zingahlukaniswa ngempumelelo nge-fractional distillation noma i-gas chromatography. Lena indlela ebalulekile yezimboni yokuthola i-hafnium emsulwa.
Ngamafuphi, i-hafnium tetrachloride idlala indima engenakuphindwa kuma-semiconductors, izinto ezithuthukisiwe, i-catalysis, amandla enuzi, kanye nemikhakha emisha yamandla, izimisa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zanamuhla.