ʻO ka Hafnium Tetrachloride (HfCl₄)He hui inorganic waiwai nui ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea mua i ka synthesis o nā keramika wela kiʻekiʻe, nā mea phosphor no nā diode hoʻomālamalama kiʻekiʻe (LED), a me nā mea hoʻouluulu heterogeneous. ʻO ka mea nui, hōʻike ia i ka acidity Lewis koʻikoʻi, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i ka maikaʻi loa i ka polymerization olefin a me nā hoʻololi organik like ʻole. Hoʻokele ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā noi i ka hana semiconductor, ka ʻenekinia aerospace, a me nā mea uila hanauna hou, ua hōʻike ka noi honua no HfCl₄ i ka ulu mau. Eia nō naʻe, ke koi mau nei kāna hana ʻoihana-ʻoihana - e koi ana i ka kaohi kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi, nā mea hānai ultra-kiʻekiʻe-purity, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā lula kaiapuni, olakino, a me ka palekana (EHS) koʻikoʻi. Hāʻawi ʻia i kāna kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hiki ʻana i nā mea hana hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻouluulu kūikawā, ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo HfCl₄ he mea maka koʻikoʻi no ka ʻepekema mea holomua a me ka synthesis kemika maikaʻi.
| Hafnium, 72Hf | |
| helehelena | Hina kila |
| Helu ʻātoma (Z) | 72 |
| Pae ma STP | Paʻa |
| Kiko heheʻe | 2506 K (2233℃, 4051 ℉) |
| Kikowaena paila | 4876 K (4603 ℃, 8317 ℃) |
| Ka nui (ma 20 ℃) | 13.281 g/cm3 |
| Ke wai (ma mp) | 12 g/cm3 |
| Ka wela o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana | 27.2 kJ/mol |
| Ka wela o ka mahu | 648 kJ/mol |
| Ka mana wela molar | 25.73 J/(mol·K) |
| Ka mana wela kikoʻī | 144.154 J/(kg·K) |
Kūlana ʻoihana o 5N Purity Grade Hafnium Tetrachloride
| Hōʻailona | Li 7 (ppb) | E lilo i 9 (ppb) | Na 23 (ppb) | Mg 24 (ppb) | Al 27 (ppb) | K 39 (ppb) | Ca40 (ppb) | V 51 (ppb) | Cr 52 (ppb) | Mn 55 (ppb) | Fe 56 (ppb) | Co 59 (ppb) | Ni 60 (ppb) | Cu 63 (ppb) | Zn 66 (ppb) | Ga 69 (ppb) | Ge 74 (ppb) | Sr 87 (ppb) |
| UMHT5N | 0.371 | 2.056 | 17.575 | 6.786 | 87.888 | 31.963 | 66.976 | 0.000 | 74.184 | 34.945 | 1413.776 | 21.639 | 216.953 | 2.194 | 20.241 | 12.567 | 8.769 | 3846.227 |
| Zr 90 (ppb) | Nb 93 (ppb) | Mo98 (ppb) | Pd106 (ppb) | ʻAg 107 (ppb) | E like me 108 (ppb) | Cd 111 (ppb) | I loko o 115 (ppb) | Sn 118 (ppb) | Sb 121 (ppb) | Ti131 (ppb) | Ba 138 (ppb) | W 184 (ppb) | Au -2197 (ppb) | Hg 202 (ppb) | Tl 205 (ppb) | Pb 208 (ppb) | Bi 209 (ppb) |
| 41997.655 | 8.489 | 181.362 | 270.662 | 40.536 | 49.165 | 5.442 | 0.127 | 26.237 | 1.959 | 72.198 | 0.776 | 121.391 | 1707.062 | 68.734 | 0.926 | 14.582 | 36.176 |
Manaʻo: Ua ʻike ʻia nā palena i luna e ICP-MS.
ʻO Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄) he mea paʻa crystalline ʻole kala me ke kaumaha molekala o 320.30 g/mol a me ka CAS Registry Number 13499-05-3. Hoʻoheheʻe ia ma 320 °C a ke komo nei i ka sublimation ma kahi o 317 °C ma lalo o ke kaomi ambient. He hygroscopic loa ka hui a pane exothermically a ikaika me ka makū, e pono ai ka mālama ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana lewa anhydrous, inert (e laʻa, argon a nitrogen paha) i loko o nā pahu i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia. Ma muli o kona corrosivity ikaika, hiki i ka pili pololei ʻana me ka ʻili a i ʻole nā maka ke hopena i nā kuni kemika nui. Ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli corrosive Class 8 (UN2509), pono ka lawelawe ʻana i nā lako pale pilikino kūpono (PPE), me nā mīkina lima pale kemika, nā goggles, a me ka pale hanu kahi e hiki ai ka hana lepo.
He aha ka mea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo Hafnium Tetrachloride?
ʻO ka Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄)he hui inorganic versatile ia, ma muli o kona mau waiwai kemika kūikawā, loaʻa nā noi nui ma nā kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe he nui:
- Nā Semiconductors a me nā Mea Uila: Hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kiʻekiʻe-dielectric-constant (e like me ka hafnium dioxide), i hoʻohana ʻia i nā papa insulating gate transistor e hoʻonui nui i ka hana chip. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale vapor chemical (CVD) e waiho i nā ʻili lahilahi hafnium metallic a i ʻole hafnium compound, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā transistors hana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, a pēlā aku.
- Nā Keramika Mahana Kiʻekiʻe Loa a me ka Aerospace: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea keramika mahana kiʻekiʻe loa, e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. He kūpono kēia mau keramika no nā wahi koʻikoʻi e like me nā ʻāpana wela o ka mīkini mokulele a me nā nozzles rocket. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻopili LED mana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopuehu wela o ka hāmeʻa a me ke ola.
- Catalysis a me Organic Synthesis: Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu waikawa Lewis kūpono, hoʻolaha ia i nā hopena e like me ka polymerization olefin (e laʻa, ma ke ʻano he precursor no nā mea hoʻouluulu Ziegler-Natta), esterification o nā alcohols a me nā waikawa, acylation, a me 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, e hoʻonui ana i nā helu hopena a me ke koho ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ia i ka synthesis kemika maikaʻi o nā mea ʻala a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
- ʻOihana Nukelea: Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona kūpaʻa wela a me ke kemika maikaʻi, hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu reactor nukelea a ma ke ʻano he mau mea uhi no nā wahie nukelea, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke kūpaʻa wela.
- ʻĀpana Ikehu: Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā mea electrolyte paʻa e like me ka lithium hafnium phosphate no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pila lithium conductivity ionic kiʻekiʻe. Hana pū ia ma ke ʻano he mea mua no nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe-mana i loko o nā pila lithium a me sodium-ion.
- Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Zirconium-Hafnium: Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka volatility ma waena o ka zirconium tetrachloride a me ka hafnium tetrachloride, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale pono ʻia lākou ma o ka distillation fractional a i ʻole ke kinoea chromatography. He ʻano hana koʻikoʻi kēia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hafnium maʻemaʻe.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka hafnium tetrachloride i nā semiconductors, nā mea holomua, catalysis, ikehu nukelea, a me nā ʻāpana ikehu hou, e hoʻokumu ana iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he mea nui i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā.
