Hafnium Tetrachloride (HfCl₄)Ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali chosapangidwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati choyambira popanga zinthu zadothi zapamwamba zotentha kwambiri, zinthu za phosphor zama diode amphamvu kwambiri (ma LED), ndi zinthu zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana. Chodziwika bwino n'chakuti, chimasonyeza acidity yapamwamba ya Lewis, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chogwira ntchito kwambiri mu olefin polymerization ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe kosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa ntchito popanga zinthu za semiconductor, uinjiniya wa ndege, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zam'badwo wotsatira, kufunikira kwa HfCl₄ padziko lonse lapansi kwawonetsa kukula kosalekeza. Komabe, kupanga kwake kwakukulu m'mafakitale kukupitilirabe kukhala kovuta kwambiri - kumafuna kuwongolera kokhwima kwa njira, zakudya zoyera kwambiri, komanso kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza chilengedwe, thanzi, ndi chitetezo (EHS). Popeza ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti zinthu zogwira ntchito bwino komanso zinthu zapadera zosakaniza, HfCl₄ imadziwika kwambiri ngati chinthu chopangira zinthu zapamwamba komanso kupanga mankhwala abwino.
| Hafnium, 72Hf | |
| Maonekedwe | Imvi yachitsulo |
| Nambala ya atomiki (Z) | 72 |
| Gawo pa STP | Yolimba |
| Malo osungunuka | 2506 K (2233℃, 4051 ℉) |
| Malo otentha | 4876 K (4603 ℃, 8317 ℃) |
| Kuchulukana (pa 20℃) | 13.281 g/cm3 |
| Pamene madzi (pa mp) | 12 g/cm3 |
| Kutentha kwa kusakanikirana | 27.2 kJ/mol |
| Kutentha kwa nthunzi | 648 kJ/mol |
| Mphamvu ya kutentha kwa molar | 25.73 J/(mol·K) |
| Mphamvu yeniyeni ya kutentha | 144.154 J/(kg·K) |
Muyezo wa Makampani wa 5N Purity Grade Hafnium Tetrachloride
| Chizindikiro | Li 7 (ppb) | Khalani 9 (ppb) | Na 23 (ppb) | Mg 24 (ppb) | Al 27 (ppb) | K 39 (ppb) | Ca 40 (ppb) | V 51 (ppb) | Cr 52 (ppb) | Mn 55 (ppb) | Fe 56 (ppb) | Co 59 (ppb) | Ni 60 (ppb) | Cu 63 (ppb) | Zn 66 (ppb) | Ga 69 (ppb) | Ge 74 (ppb) | Sr 87 (ppb) |
| UMHT5N | 0.371 | 2.056 | 17.575 | 6.786 | 87.888 | 31.963 | 66.976 | 0.000 | 74.184 | 34.945 | 1413.776 | 21.639 | 216.953 | 2.194 | 20.241 | 12.567 | 8.769 | 3846.227 |
| Zr 90 (ppb) | Nb 93 (ppb) | Mo98 (ppb) | Pd106 (ppb) | Ag 107 (ppb) | Monga 108 (ppb) | Cd 111 (ppb) | Mu 115 (ppb) | Sn 118 (ppb) | Sb 121 (ppb) | Ti131 (ppb) | Ba 138 (ppb) | W 184 (ppb) | Au -2197 (ppb) | Hg 202 (ppb) | Tl 205 (ppb) | Pb 208 (ppb) | Bi 209 (ppb) |
| 41997.655 | 8.489 | 181.362 | 270.662 | 40.536 | 49.165 | 5.442 | 0.127 | 26.237 | 1.959 | 72.198 | 0.776 | 121.391 | 1707.062 | 68.734 | 0.926 | 14.582 | 36.176 |
Ndemanga: Ma parameter omwe ali pamwambapa adapezeka ndi ICP-MS.
Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄) ndi chinthu cholimba chopanda mtundu, cholimba cha kristalo chokhala ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 320.30 g/mol ndi CAS Registry Number 13499-05-3. Chimasungunuka pa 320 °C ndipo chimadutsa mu sublimation pa pafupifupi 317 °C pansi pa mphamvu yozungulira. Chosakanizacho chimakhala chosalala kwambiri ndipo chimachitapo kanthu mwamphamvu komanso motentha kwambiri ndi chinyezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisungidwe pansi pa nyengo yopanda madzi (monga argon kapena nayitrogeni) m'zidebe zotsekedwa bwino. Chifukwa cha dzimbiri lake lamphamvu, kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi khungu kapena maso kungayambitse kutentha kwambiri kwa mankhwala. Monga chinthu choopsa cha Class 8 (UN2509), kugwiritsa ntchito kumafuna zida zoyenera zodzitetezera (PPE), kuphatikiza magolovesi osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, magalasi agalasi, ndi chitetezo cha kupuma komwe kungatheke kupanga fumbi.
Kodi Hafnium Tetrachloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyani?
Hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄)ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe omwe, chifukwa cha mankhwala ake apadera, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri apamwamba:
- Ma Semiconductor ndi Zipangizo Zamagetsi: Imagwira ntchito ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yokonzekera zipangizo zokhazikika pa dielectric (monga hafnium dioxide), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zigawo zoteteza ma transistor gate kuti ziwonjezere magwiridwe antchito a chip. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu njira za chemical vapor deposition (CVD) kuti ipange mafilimu opyapyala a metallic hafnium kapena hafnium compound thin, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma transistors ogwira ntchito kwambiri, zida zosungiramo zinthu, ndi zina zotero.
- Zida Zopangira Ma Ceramics ndi Ndege Zotentha Kwambiri: Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zopangira ma Ceramics zotentha kwambiri, zomwe zimalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, kukana kuwonongeka, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Zida zopangira ma Ceramics izi ndizoyenera malo ovuta kwambiri monga magawo otentha a injini ya ndege ndi ma nozzles a rocket. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zipangizo zopangira ma LED amphamvu kwambiri kuti ziwongolere kutentha kwa chipangizocho komanso moyo wake wonse.
- Catalysis ndi Organic Synthesis: Monga chothandizira cha Lewis acid chogwira ntchito bwino, chimalimbikitsa zochita monga olefin polymerization (monga, monga choyambira cha Ziegler-Natta catalysts), esterization ya alcohols ndi acids, acylation, ndi 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zochita ndi kusankha. Chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zonunkhira ndi mankhwala.
- Makampani a Nyukiliya: Pogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikika kwake kwa kutentha ndi mankhwala, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina ozizira a nyukiliya reactor komanso ngati zinthu zokutira mafuta a nyukiliya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kusamayende bwino komanso kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba.
- Gawo la Mphamvu: Limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira zinthu zolimba za electrolyte monga lithiamu hafnium phosphate popanga mabatire a lithiamu amphamvu kwambiri. Limagwiranso ntchito ngati choyambira cha zinthu za cathode zapamwamba m'mabatire a lithiamu ndi sodium-ion.
- Kupatukana kwa Zirconium-Hafnium: Pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kusasinthasintha pakati pa zirconium tetrachloride ndi hafnium tetrachloride, zimatha kulekanitsidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito fractional distillation kapena gas chromatography. Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yamafakitale yopezera hafnium yoyera.
Mwachidule, hafnium tetrachloride imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu semiconductors, zipangizo zamakono, catalysis, mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndi magawo atsopano a mphamvu, zomwe zimadzipanga ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono apamwamba.
