Kodi Rare-Earths ndi chiyani?
Ma rare earth, omwe amadziwikanso kuti rare earth elements, amatanthauza zinthu 17 zomwe zili patebulo la periodic zomwe zimaphatikizapo mndandanda wa lanthanide kuyambira manambala a atomiki 57, lanthanum (La) mpaka 71, lutetium (Lu), kuphatikiza scandium (Sc) ndi yttrium (Y).
Kuchokera pa dzinali, munthu angaganize kuti izi "n'zosowa," koma ponena za zaka zopindulitsa (chiŵerengero cha zosungidwa zotsimikizika ndi kupanga pachaka) ndi kuchuluka kwawo mkati mwa nthaka ya dziko lapansi, kwenikweni ndi zambiri kuposa led kapena zinc.
Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zachilengedwe zosadziwika bwino, munthu angayembekezere kusintha kwakukulu paukadaulo wamba; kusintha monga luso lamakono kudzera mu magwiridwe antchito atsopano, kusintha kwa kulimba kwa zinthu zomangira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi pamakina ndi zida zamagetsi.
Zokhudza Oxides za Rare-Earth
Gulu la Rare-Earth Oxides nthawi zina limatchedwa Rare Earths kapena nthawi zina REO. Zitsulo zina za rare earth zapeza ntchito zambiri zodziwika bwino mu zitsulo, zoumba, magalasi, utoto, ma laser, ma TV ndi zida zina zamagetsi. Kufunika kwa zitsulo za rare earth kukuchulukirachulukira. Tiyeneranso kuganizira kuti zinthu zambiri za rare earth zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ndi ma oxides, kapena zimapezeka kuchokera ku ma oxides.
Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito ma oxides a nthaka yosowa kwambiri m'makampani ambiri komanso okhwima, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo mu ma catalyst formulations (monga mu njira zitatu zoyendetsera magalimoto), m'mafakitale okhudzana ndi magalasi (kupanga magalasi, kuchotsa utoto kapena utoto, kupukuta magalasi ndi ntchito zina zokhudzana nazo), ndi kupanga maginito okhazikika kumawerengera pafupifupi 70% ya ma oxides a nthaka yosowa. Ntchito zina zofunika m'mafakitale zimakhudza makampani opanga zitsulo (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera mu Fe kapena Al metal alloys), zoumba (makamaka pankhani ya Y), ntchito zokhudzana ndi kuwala (monga phosphors), monga zigawo za batri alloy, kapena mu ma cell olimba amafuta a oxide, pakati pa zina. Kuphatikiza apo, koma osati kocheperako, pali ntchito zochepa, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kwamankhwala kwa machitidwe a nanoparticulated okhala ndi ma oxides a nthaka yosowa pochiza khansa kapena ngati zizindikiro zozindikira chotupa, kapena ngati zodzoladzola za dzuwa zoteteza khungu.
Zokhudza Ma compounds a Rare-Earth
Ma Rare-Earth Compounds oyera kwambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi: kukhuthala kwa thupi (monga flotation), leaching, kuyeretsa yankho pogwiritsa ntchito solvent extraction, kulekanitsa rare earth pogwiritsa ntchito solvent extraction, ndi rare earth compound precipitation. Pomaliza, ma rare earth compound amenewa amapanga carbonate, hydroxide, phosphates ndi fluorides zomwe zimagulitsidwa.
Pafupifupi 40% ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi nthaka yosowa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsulo—popangira maginito, ma electrode a batri, ndi ma alloys. Zitsulo zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa pogwiritsa ntchito electrowinning ya mchere wosakanikirana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa kutentha kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zochepetsera zitsulo, mwachitsanzo, calcium kapena lanthanum.
Ma dothi osowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo otsatirawa:
●Mma agneti (mpaka maginito 100 pa galimoto iliyonse yatsopano)
● Zothandizira (zotulutsa mpweya m'galimoto ndi kusweka kwa mafuta)
● Ufa wopukutira galasi wa zowonetsera za pa TV ndi ma disk osungira deta ya galasi
● Mabatire otha kubwezeretsedwanso (makamaka magalimoto a hybrid)
● Photonics (zipangizo zowala, zowala ndi zokulitsa kuwala)
● Maginito ndi ma photonics akuyembekezeka kukula kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi
UrbanMines imapereka mndandanda wathunthu wa mankhwala oyeretsedwa kwambiri komanso oyeretsedwa kwambiri. Kufunika kwa Ma Rare Earth Compounds kumakula kwambiri muukadaulo wambiri ndipo sikungasinthidwe m'zinthu zambiri ndi njira zopangira. Timapereka Ma Rare Earth Compounds m'magawo osiyanasiyana malinga ndi zosowa za kasitomala payekha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Kodi Rare-Earths nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chiyani?
Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa nthaka yosowa m'mafakitale kunali kwa flint mu zoyatsira magetsi. Panthawiyo, ukadaulo wolekanitsa ndi kukonza zinthu sunapangidwe, kotero kusakaniza kwa nthaka yosowa ndi mchere kapena chitsulo chosasinthika (alloy) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuyambira m'ma 1960, kulekanitsa ndi kukonza zinthu kunakhala kotheka ndipo makhalidwe omwe ali mkati mwa dziko lililonse losowa anaonekera. Pakukula kwawo, anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma phosphor a chubu cha cathode-ray pama TV amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso pamagalasi a kamera omwe amawala kwambiri. Apitilizabe kuthandiza kuchepetsa kukula ndi kulemera kwa makompyuta, makamera a digito, zida zomvera ndi zina zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika komanso mabatire omwe amatha kubwezeretsedwanso.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, akhala akutchuka ngati zinthu zopangira ma alloys onyamula haidrojeni ndi ma alloys oletsa magnetostriction.
