Imidiya yaseBritane: I-United States ikwimeko enzima, umbuzo kuphela kukuba yeyiphi into ekwitheyibhile ye-periodic eza kulandela
[Umbhalo/Inethiwekhi yabajongi Qian] I-China yazisa ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle izinto ezifanelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kabini e-United States ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, nto leyo eyatsala ingqalelo yehlabathi kwaye iingxoxo ezinxulumene noko ziyaqhubeka nanamhlanje.
I-Reuters ibike nge-18 kaDisemba ukuba iTshayina ilawula uthotho lokubonelela ngezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo. Kule meko, ukuqhubeka kwe-United States icinezela ishishini le-teknoloji ephezulu laseTshayina ngokucacileyo "kukuhamba ngentambo eqinileyo": kwelinye icala, ifuna ukusebenzisa iirhafu ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwiTshayina; kwelinye icala, izama ukuphepha ukuziphindezela ngokupheleleyo okuvela eTshayina ngaphambi kokuba yakhe amandla okuvelisa ezinye iimveliso.
Ingxelo ithi okwangoku, izimbiwa ezibalulekileyo ziya kuba “sisixhobo esikhethwayo” yiTshayina ekulweni nengxabano yorhwebo ekhulayo ne-United States. “Umbuzo kuphela kukuba yeyiphi isinyithi esibalulekileyo kwitheyibhile yexesha elikhethiweyo iTshayina ekhethayo ngokulandelayo.”
Ngomhla wesi-3 kweyoMnga, iSebe lezoRhwebo laseTshayina likhuphe isaziso, libhengeza ulawulo olungqongqo lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-gallium, i-germanium, i-antimony, izinto eziqinileyo, i-graphite, kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini eMelika.
Esi sibhengezo sifuna ukuba izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini zingavumelekanga ukuba zithunyelwe kubasebenzisi bomkhosi baseMelika okanye ngeenjongo zomkhosi; ngokomgaqo, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini njenge-gallium, i-germanium, i-antimony, kunye nezinto eziqinileyo e-US akuyi kuvunyelwa; kwaye uphononongo olungqongqo lwabasebenzisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesibini kuya kuphunyezwa ekuthunyelweni kwezinto ze-graphite ezisetyenziswa kabini e-US Esi sibhengezo sikwagxininisa ukuba nawuphi na umbutho okanye umntu kulo naliphi na ilizwe okanye ummandla ophula imithetho efanelekileyo uya kuthwaliswa uxanduva ngokomthetho.
I-Reuters ithe inyathelo leTshayina liphendule ngokukhawuleza kumjikelo omtsha we-United States wokuvalwa kokuthunyelwa kweetships eTshayina.
“Olu lunyuko olucwangcisiweyo ngononophelo,” itsho ingxelo, “apho iTshayina isebenzisa isikhundla sayo esiphezulu kwisinyithi esibalulekileyo ukuziphindezela kuhlaselo lwe-US kwizakhono zayo zobugcisa obuphezulu.”
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-United States Geological Survey, kunyaka ophelileyo, i-United States ithembele kwi-100% kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ze-gallium, apho i-China ithatha i-21% yeemveliso zayo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe; i-United States ithembele kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ze-i-antimonykwi-82%, kunye nangaphezulu kwe-50% ye-germanium, apho i-China ithatha i-63% kunye ne-26% yempahla engeniswayo, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-United States Geological Survey ilumkisile ukuba ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-China kokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-gallium kunye ne-germanium kunokubangela ilahleko ethe ngqo ye-$3.4 yeebhiliyoni kuqoqosho lwase-US kwaye kubangele impembelelo yokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi ye-supply chain.
UGovini, inkampani yezobuntlola yezokhuselo yaseMelika, usandula ukukhupha ingxelo ethi ukuvalwa kweTshayina kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo zase-US kuya kuchaphazela ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kuwo onke amasebe omkhosi waseMelika, kuquka iinkqubo zezixhobo ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 kunye namalungu angaphezu kwama-20,000.
Ukongeza, ukuvalwa kwamva nje kweTshayina “kuchaphazele kakhulu” uthotho lokunikezelwa kwe-gallium, i-germanium, kunye ne-antimony. IBloomberg iqaphele ukuba iTshayina ibeke umzekelo ekuthinteleni iinkampani zangaphandle ukuba zithengise iimveliso eMelika. Ngaphambi koku, “ukungahambelani norhulumente” kulawulo lwezohlwayo kwakubonakala ngathi bekusoloko kulilungelo leMelika kunye namazwe aseNtshona.
Emva kokuba iTshayina ibhengeze imiqathango emitsha yokuthumela ngaphandle, ixabiso lehlabathi le-antimony lenyuke ukusuka kwi-$13,000 ngetoni nganye ekuqaleni konyaka laya kwi-$38,000. Ixabiso le-germanium lenyuke ukusuka kwi-$1,650 ukuya kwi-$2,862 ngeli xesha linye.
I-Reuters ikholelwa ukuba i-United States “ihamba ngentambo eqinileyo”: kwelinye icala, ifuna ukusebenzisa iirhafu ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwi-China; kwelinye icala, izama ukuphepha ukuziphindezela ngokupheleleyo okuvela e-China ngaphambi kokuba yakhe amandla okuvelisa ezinye izinto. Nangona kunjalo, inyani kukuba i-United States ixhomekeke kakhulu ekungenisweni kweentsimbi ezibalulekileyo, kwaye i-China kulindeleke ukuba inyuse amanyathelo ayo okuziphindezela kwicandelo leentsimbi ezibalulekileyo.
Okokuqala, ulawulo lukaBiden lutyale iibhiliyoni zeerandi ukuze kwakhiwe kwakhona amandla okuvelisa izimbiwa ezibalulekileyo ekhaya, kodwa inkqubela phambili isenokucotha.
I-United States iceba ukuvula kwakhona umgodi we-antimony e-Idaho, kodwa imveliso yokuqala ayilindelwanga kude kube ngu-2028. Iprosesa ye-antimony ekuphela kwayo e-United States, i-American Antimony, iceba ukwandisa imveliso kodwa isafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umntu wesithathu owaneleyo oza kuyinika. I-United States ayizange ivelise i-gallium yendalo ukusukela ngo-1987.
Kwangaxeshanye, eyona ngxaki inkulu ejongene ne-United States kukuba i-China ilawula kangakanani uthotho lobonelelo kwicandelo leeminerali ezibalulekileyo. Ngokutsho kweZiko leZifundo zoBuchule kunye neHlabathi, i-tank yokucinga yase-US, i-China yeyona nkampani inkulu yeeminerali ezingama-26 kwezingama-50 ezidweliswe njengeziminerali ezibalulekileyo ngoku yi-US Geological Survey. Uninzi lwezi minerali zikwi-"list of dual-use-export control" yase-China kunye ne-gallium, i-germanium, kunye ne-antimony.
Ingxelo ibonise ukuba kwi-United States, isibhengezo se-China solawulo olungqongqo lokuthunyelwa kwe-graphite ngaphandle "luphawu olubi kakhulu", olubonisa ukuba imeko yempindezelo phakathi kwe-China ne-United States isasazeka kwicandelo leentsimbi zebhetri. Oku kuthetha ukuba "ukuba ishishini le-teknoloji ephezulu yase-China liphinde livunyelwe yi-United States, i-China iseneendlela ezininzi zokuhlasela."
I-Reuters ithe uMongameli wase-US onyuliweyo uTrump usongela ngokubeka irhafu epheleleyo kuzo zonke iimpahla zaseTshayina ngaphambi kokuba athathe i-ofisi. Kodwa umbuzo omkhulu kurhulumente kaTrump wexesha elizayo kukuba i-United States inokukwazi kangakanani ukumelana nohlaselo lwe-China kwicandelo lesinyithi esibalulekileyo.
Ngokuphathelele oku, uStephen Roach, ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseMelika eyaziwayo kunye nengcali ephezulu kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, kutshanje upapashe inqaku elilumkisa urhulumente wase-US. Ubonise ukuba uhlaselo olukhawulezileyo lweTshayina ngeli xesha lubangele "uqhankqalazo lotyando" kumashishini aphambili aseMelika; ukuba i-United States iyaqhubeka nokwandisa ingxabano yorhwebo, izenzo zokuziphindezela ze-China nazo zinokwanda, kuba "i-China isenamakhadi amaninzi 'e-trump' esandleni sayo."
Ngomhla we-17 kweyoMnga, iSouth China Morning Post yaseHong Kong icaphule uhlalutyo oluthi nangona ezinye zeendlela zokulwa zaseTshayina zakutshanje zijoliswe kurhulumente kaBiden, ezi zenzo zikhawulezileyo zinike "iindlela" zendlela iTshayina eza kujongana ngayo norhulumente olandelayo wase-US okhokelwa nguTrump. "ITshayina inesibindi sokulwa kwaye ilungile ekulweni" kwaye "kufuneka abantu ababini ukuze balwe"... iingcali zaseTshayina zide zagxininisa ukuba iTshayina ikulungele uTrump.
Iwebhusayithi ye-US Politico ikwacaphule uhlalutyo lweengcali ukuba la manyathelo enziwe yiTshayina ajoliswe ngakumbi kuMongameli ozayo wase-US onyuliweyo uTrump kunokuba ajoliswe kuMongameli uBiden wangoku. “AmaTshayina ayakwazi ukujonga ikamva, kwaye oku kubonisa ulawulo lwaseMelika olulandelayo.”