Zithini iiRare-Earths?
IiRare earths, ezaziwa ngokuba zi-rare earth elements, zibhekisa kwii-elements ezili-17 kwi-periodic table eziquka uthotho lwe-lanthanide ukusuka kwiinombolo ze-athomu ezingama-57, i-lanthanum (La) ukuya kwi-71, i-lutetium (Lu), kunye ne-scandium (Sc) kunye ne-yttrium (Y).
Ukusuka kweli gama, umntu usenokucinga ukuba ezi “zinqabile,” kodwa ngokweminyaka enokuncitshiswa (umlinganiselo wezinto ezigciniweyo eziqinisekisiweyo kwimveliso yonyaka) kunye noxinano lwazo ngaphakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba, eneneni zininzi kakhulu kune-led okanye i-zinc.
Ngokusebenzisa kakuhle izinto ezinqabileyo, umntu unokulindela utshintsho olukhulu kubuchwepheshe obuqhelekileyo; utshintsho olufana nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okutsha, ukuphuculwa kokuqina kwezinto zokwakha kunye nokuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla koomatshini nezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Malunga neRare-Earth Oxides
Iqela le-Rare-Earth Oxides ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba yiRare Earths okanye ngamanye amaxesha njenge-REO. Ezinye ii-rare earth metals zifumene ukusetyenziswa okungaphezulu komhlaba kwi-metallurgy, i-ceramics, ukwenza iglasi, iidayi, ii-laser, iithelevishini kunye nezinye izinto zombane. Ukubaluleka kwee-rare earth metals ngokuqinisekileyo kuyanda. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe, kwakhona, ukuba uninzi lwezinto eziqulathe umhlaba ezinqabileyo ezinezicelo zoshishino zii-oxides, okanye zifunyenwe kwii-oxides.
Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kwe-rare earth oxides ngobuninzi nangokwasemzimbeni, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwi-catalysts formulations (ezifana ne-three way automotive catalysis), kwimizi-mveliso enxulumene neglasi (ukwenza iglasi, ukususa umbala okanye ukufaka umbala, ukupolisha iglasi kunye nezinye izicelo ezinxulumene noko), kunye nokuveliswa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina zenza phantse i-70% yokusetyenziswa kwe-rare earth oxides. Ezinye izicelo ezibalulekileyo kwimizi-mveliso zichaphazela imboni ye-metallurgy (esetyenziswa njengezongezo kwi-Fe okanye kwi-Al metal alloys), ii-ceramics (ingakumbi kwimeko ye-Y), izicelo ezinxulumene nokukhanya (ngendlela ye-phosphors), njengezinto ze-battery alloy, okanye kwiiseli ze-solid oxide fuel, phakathi kwezinye. Ukongeza, kodwa okungabalulekanga kangako, kukho izicelo ezisezantsi, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-biomedical kweenkqubo ze-nanoparticulated eziqulethe i-rare earth oxides zonyango lomhlaza okanye njengeempawu zokufumanisa i-tumor, okanye njengezinto zokuthambisa ze-sunscreens zokukhusela ulusu.
Malunga neeRare-Earth Compounds
IiRare-Earth Compounds ezicocekileyo kakhulu ziveliswa kwiintsimbi ngokusebenzisa le ndlela ilandelayo: ukuxinana ngokomzimba (umz., ukutyibilika), ukutsalwa kwenkunkuma, ukucocwa kwesisombululo ngokutsalwa kwe-solvent, ukwahlulwa komhlaba onqabileyo ngokutsalwa kwe-solvent, ukuhlanjwa kwe-compound yomhlaba onqabileyo nganye nganye. Ekugqibeleni ezi compounds zenza i-carbonate ethengiswayo, i-hydroxide, ii-phosphates kunye ne-fluorides.
Malunga nama-40% emveliso yomhlaba onqabileyo isetyenziswa ngendlela yesinyithi—ekwenzeni iimagnethi, ii-electrode zebhetri, kunye nee-alloys. Iintsimbi zenziwe ngeekhompawundi ezingentla nge-electrowinning yetyuwa exutywe nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu obuphezulu ngee-reductants zesinyithi, umzekelo, i-calcium okanye i-lanthanum.
Ii-Rare earths zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
●Mii-agnets (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 iimagnethi ngemoto entsha)
● IiCatalysts (ukukhutshwa kwemoto kunye nokuqhekeka kwepetroli)
● Iipowuda zokupolisha iglasi zezikrini zikamabonwakude kunye neediski zokugcina idatha yeglasi
● Iibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona (ingakumbi kwiimoto ezixutyiweyo)
● I-Photonics (izixhobo zokukhanya, ukukhanya kunye nokukhulisa ukukhanya)
● Iimagnethi kunye neefotoniki kulindeleke ukuba zikhule kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo
I-UrbanMines inika ikhathalogu ebanzi yeekhompawundi ezicocekileyo kakhulu nezicocekileyo kakhulu. Ukubaluleka kweekhompawundi zeRare Earth kukhula kakhulu kwiiteknoloji ezininzi eziphambili kwaye azinakutshintshwa kwiimveliso ezininzi kunye neenkqubo zemveliso. Sinikezela ngeekhompawundi zeRare Earth kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zomthengi ngamnye, ezisebenza njengezinto ezixabisekileyo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo.
Zisetyenziswa phi iiRare-Earths ngokubanzi?
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala komhlaba onqabileyo kwimizi-mveliso kwakukwi-flint kwizibane. Ngelo xesha, ubuchwepheshe bokwahlula nokucoca babungekaphuhliswa, ngoko ke kwasetyenziswa umxube wezinto ezininzi zomhlaba onqabileyo kunye netyuwa okanye isinyithi se-misch esingatshintshwanga (i-alloy).
Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ukwahlukana nokuphuculwa kwaba nokwenzeka kwaye iimpawu ezikwihlabathi ngalinye elinqabileyo zabonakala. Kwishishini lazo, zaqala ukusetyenziswa njenge-cathode-ray tube phosphors kwiiTV ezinemibala nakwiilensi zekhamera ezibonisa ukukhanya okuphezulu. Ziye zaqhubeka negalelo ekunciphiseni ubukhulu kunye nobunzima beekhompyutha, iikhamera zedijithali, izixhobo zesandi nokunye ngokusebenzisa kwazo kwiimagnethi ezihlala zisebenza kakuhle kunye neebhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ziye zafumana ingqalelo njengezinto eziluhlaza kwii-alloys ezifunxa i-hydrogen kunye nee-alloys ze-magnetostriction.
