I-Cobalt iyinsimbi esetshenziswa kumabhethri amaningi ezimoto zikagesi. Izindaba ziwukuthi i-Tesla izosebenzisa amabhethri “angenawo i-cobalt”, kodwa hlobo luni “lwensiza” i-cobalt? Ngizofingqa ulwazi oluyisisekelo ofuna ukulwazi.
Igama layo yi-Conflict Minerals Derived from Demon
Uyawazi yini u-cobalt we-element? Akugcini nje ngokuqukethwe kumabhethri ezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV) kanye nama-smartphone, kodwa futhi kusetshenziswa kuma-alloy ensimbi ye-cobalt engashisi njengenjini yejethi kanye nama-drill bits, omakethi bezipikha, kanye, ngokumangazayo, ukuhluzwa kwamafutha. I-Cobalt iqanjwe ngegama elithi “Kobold,” isilo esivame ukuvela ezincwadini zesayensi eziqanjiwe, futhi kwakukholelwa eYurophu yasendulo ukuthi baphonsa umlingo ezimayini ukuze benze izinsimbi ezinzima nezinobuthi. kunjalo.
Manje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunezilo emayini noma cha, i-cobalt inobuthi futhi ingabangela izingozi ezinkulu zempilo njenge-pneumoconiosis uma ungagqoki imishini yokuzivikela efanele. Futhi yize iDemocratic Republic of Congo ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwengxenye ye-cobalt yomhlaba, imayini encane (imayini yobuciko) lapho abantu abampofu abangenamisebenzi bemba khona imigodi ngamathuluzi alula ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha. ), Izingozi zokuwa zenzeka njalo, izingane ziphoqeleka ukusebenza isikhathi eside ngomholo ophansi ongaba yi-200 yen ngosuku, futhi ngisho ne-Amatsu iwumthombo wezimali zamaqembu ahlomile, ngakho-ke i-cobalt ihambisana negolide, i-tungsten, i-tin, ne-tantalum. , Yabizwa ngokuthi amaminerali okulwa.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusabalala kwama-EV namabhethri e-lithium-ion, eminyakeni yamuva nje izinkampani zomhlaba wonke ziqale ukuphenya ukuthi i-cobalt ekhiqizwa ngemizila engafanele, okuhlanganisa nochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwe-cobalt oxide kanye ne-cobalt hydroxide, iyasetshenziswa yini.
Isibonelo, izinkampani ezinkulu zamabhethri i-CATL kanye ne-LG Chem zihlanganyela ku-"Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" eholwa yiShayina, ikakhulukazi ezisebenzela ukuqeda ukuqashelwa kwezingane.
Ngo-2018, i-Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), inhlangano yokuhweba nge-cobalt fair, yasungulwa njengesinyathelo sokukhuthaza ukucaca kanye nokuba semthethweni kwenqubo yokumba i-cobalt. Abahlanganyeli bahlanganisa i-Tesla, esebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, inkampani entsha ye-EV yaseJalimane i-Sono Motors, inkampani enkulu yezinsiza yaseSwitzerland i-Glencore, kanye ne-Huayu Cobalt yaseShayina.
Uma sibheka eJapane, iSumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., ethengisa ngobuningi izinto ze-electrode ezinhle zamabhethri e-lithium-ion ku-Panasonic, yasungula “Inqubomgomo Yokuthengwa Okunesibopho Kwezinto Zokusetshenziswa Ezingavuthiwe ze-Cobalt” ngo-Agasti 2020 futhi yaqala ukuhlolisisa nokuqapha.
Esikhathini esizayo, njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu zizoqala amaphrojekthi okumba aphethwe kahle ngokulandelana, abasebenzi kuzodingeka bathathe izingozi futhi bangene ezimayini ezincane, futhi isidingo sizoncipha kancane kancane.
Ukuntuleka okusobala kwe-cobalt
Njengamanje, inani lama-EV lisencane, njengoba liyizigidi eziyisikhombisa kuphela, kufaka phakathi izigidi ezingu-2.1 ezithengisiwe emhlabeni wonke ngo-2019. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani eliphelele lezimoto ezinenjini emhlabeni kuthiwa liyibhiliyoni eli-1 noma i-1.3 billion, futhi uma izimoto zikaphethiloli ziqedwa futhi zithathelwe indawo ngama-EV esikhathini esizayo, kuzodingeka inani elikhulu le-cobalt cobalt oxide kanye ne-cobalt hydroxide.
Inani eliphelele le-cobalt elisetshenziswe kumabhethri e-EV ngo-2019 lalingamathani ayi-19,000, okusho ukuthi isilinganiso samakhilogremu angu-9 e-cobalt sasidingeka ngemoto ngayinye. Ukwenza ama-EV ayizigidi eziyi-1 nge-9 kg ngayinye kudinga amathani ayizigidi eziyi-9 e-cobalt, kodwa inani eligciniwe emhlabeni wonke lingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-7.1 kuphela, futhi njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni, amathani ayi-100,000 kwezinye izimboni minyaka yonke. Njengoba kuyinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu, inciphile ngokusobala njengoba injalo.
Ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ze-EV kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ngokuphindwe kayishumi ngo-2025, ngesidingo saminyaka yonke samathani angu-250,000, okuhlanganisa amabhethri angaphakathi emotweni, ama-alloy akhethekile kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa. Ngisho noma isidingo sezimoto ze-EV singancishiswa, sizophela kuzo zonke izindawo ezigciniwe ezaziwayo njengamanje zingakapheli iminyaka engama-30.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, abathuthukisi bamabhethri basebenza kanzima imini nobusuku ngendlela yokunciphisa inani le-cobalt. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-NMC asebenzisa i-nickel, i-manganese, ne-cobalt athuthukiswa yi-NMC111 (i-nickel, i-manganese, ne-cobalt angu-1: 1. Inani le-cobalt liye lehliswa kancane kancane kusuka ku-1: 1) laya ku-NMC532 kanye ne-NMC811, kanti i-NMC9.5.5 (isilinganiso se-cobalt singu-0.5) okwamanje isathuthukiswa.
I-NCA (i-nickel, i-cobalt, i-aluminium) esetshenziswa yi-Tesla ine-cobalt encishisiwe ibe ngu-3%, kodwa i-Model 3 ekhiqizwa eShayina isebenzisa ibhethri le-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) elingenayo i-cobalt. Kukhona futhi amazinga asetshenzisiwe. Nakuba i-LFP iphansi kune-NCA ngokusebenza kwayo, inezici zezinto ezishibhile, ukutholakala okuzinzile, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Futhi ku-“Tesla Battery Day” ehlelelwe kusukela ngo-6:30 ekuseni ngomhlaka-23 Septhemba 2020 ngesikhathi saseShayina, kuzomenyezelwa ibhethri elisha elingenayo i-cobalt, futhi lizoqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi nePanasonic eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Kulindeleke.
Ngendlela, eJapane, “izinsimbi ezingavamile” kanye “nezihlabathi ezingavamile” zivame ukudidaniswa. Izinsimbi ezingavamile zisetshenziswa embonini ngoba “ukuthola ukutholakala okuzinzile kubalulekile ngokwenqubomgomo phakathi kwezinsimbi ezinobuningi obungavamile noma okunzima ukuzikhipha ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho (uMnyango Wezomnotho, Ezohwebo Nezimboni)”. Kuyinsimbi engenansimbi evame ukusetshenziswa, futhi yigama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo ezingu-31 ezihlanganisa i-lithium, i-titanium, i-chromium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-platinum, kanye ne-rare earths. Kulezi, i-rare earths ibizwa ngokuthi i-rare earths, kanti izinhlobo ezingu-17 ezifana ne-neodymium kanye ne-dysprosium ezisetshenziselwa omakethi abaphakade ziyachazwa.
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithombo ye-cobalt, ishidi lensimbi ye-cobalt kanye nempuphu, kanye nama-compound e-cobalt njenge-cobalt chloride, ngisho ne-hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ayitholakali kalula.
Ikhefu elinomthwalo wemfanelo kusuka ku-cobalt
Njengoba ukusebenza okudingekayo kuma-EV kukhuphuka, kulindeleke ukuthi amabhethri angadingi i-cobalt, njengamabhethri e-all-solid-state namabhethri e-lithium-sulfur, azoshintsha esikhathini esizayo, ngakho ngenhlanhla asicabangi ukuthi izinsiza zizophela. Kodwa-ke, lokho kusho ukuthi isidingo se-cobalt sizoncipha ndawana thize.
Ushintsho luzofika eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kweyi-10 ngokushesha, futhi izinkampani ezinkulu zezimayini azithandi ukutshala imali isikhathi eside ku-cobalt. Kodwa-ke, ngoba sibona ukuphela, sifuna abavukuzi bendawo bashiye indawo yokusebenza ephephile kunangaphambi kwebhamuza le-cobalt.
Futhi amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi ezikhona emakethe njengamanje nawo adinga ukuphinda asetshenziswe ngemuva kokuqeda imisebenzi yawo eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20 kamuva, okuyiRedwood eyasungulwa yiSumitomo Metals kanye nowayeyisikhulu sezobuchwepheshe seTesla uJB Strobel. -Izinto zokwakha kanye nezinye sezisungule ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisa i-cobalt futhi zizobusebenzisa kabusha nezinye izinsiza.
Ngisho noma isidingo sezinsizakusebenza ezithile sikhula okwesikhashana enkambisweni yokuvela kwezimoto zikagesi, sizobhekana nokusimama kanye namalungelo abantu abasebenzi ngokuqinile njenge-cobalt, futhi ngeke sithenge ulaka lwe-Kobolts olucashe emhumeni. Ngingathanda ukuphetha le ndaba ngethemba lokuba umphakathi.