Cobalt ƙarfe ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin batirin motocin lantarki da yawa. Labarin shine Tesla za ta yi amfani da batirin "marasa cobalt", amma wane irin "albarkatu" ne cobalt? Zan taƙaita daga ilimin da kuke son sani.
Sunansa shine Ma'adanai Masu Rikici da aka samo daga Aljani
Shin kun san sinadarin cobalt? Ba wai kawai yana cikin batirin motocin lantarki (EVs) da wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba, har ma ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙarfen cobalt masu jure zafi kamar injinan jet da bits na haƙa rami, maganadisu ga lasifika, da kuma, abin mamaki, tace mai. An sanya wa Cobalt suna ne bayan "Kobold," wani dodo da ke bayyana a cikin almarar kimiyya ta kurkuku, kuma an yi imani da cewa a tsakiyar Turai cewa suna yin sihiri a kan ma'adanai don ƙirƙirar ƙarfe masu wahala da guba. Haka ne.
To, ko akwai dodanni a cikin ma'adinan ko babu, kodin yana da guba kuma yana iya haifar da manyan haɗarin lafiya kamar pneumoconiosis idan ba a sanya kayan kariya na sirri ba. Kuma kodayake Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo tana samar da fiye da rabin kodin na duniya, ƙaramin ma'adinan (ma'adinan hannu) inda talakawa marasa aiki ke haƙa ramuka da kayan aiki masu sauƙi ba tare da wani horo na tsaro ba.), Haɗurra masu lalacewa suna faruwa akai-akai, ana tilasta wa yara yin aiki na dogon lokaci tare da ƙarancin albashi na kusan yen 200 a rana, har ma Amatsu tushen kuɗi ne ga ƙungiyoyi masu makamai, don haka kodin yana tare da zinare, tungsten, tin, da tantalum. , An kira shi ma'adanai masu rikici.
Duk da haka, tare da yaduwar batirin EV da lithium-ion, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kamfanonin duniya sun fara bincike ko ana amfani da sinadarin cobalt da aka samar ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba, gami da tsarin samar da cobalt oxide da cobalt hydroxide.
Misali, manyan kamfanonin samar da batir CATL da LG Chem suna shiga cikin shirin "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" wanda China ke jagoranta, wanda galibi ke aiki don kawar da aikin yi ga yara.
A shekarar 2018, an kafa Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), wata kungiyar cinikayyar hada-hadar cobalt, a matsayin wani shiri na inganta gaskiya da sahihancin tsarin hakar cobalt. Mahalarta sun hada da Tesla, wacce ke amfani da batirin lithium-ion, kamfanin kera EV na Jamus Sono Motors, kamfanin samar da albarkatun kasa na Switzerland Glencore, da kuma Huayu Cobalt na kasar Sin.
Idan aka duba Japan, Kamfanin Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., wanda ke sayar da kayan lantarki masu kyau ga batirin lithium-ion ga Panasonic, ya kafa "Manufar Sayen Kayan Danye na Cobalt Mai Alhaki" a watan Agusta na 2020 kuma ya fara bincike da sa ido sosai. ƙasa.
Nan gaba, yayin da manyan kamfanoni za su ƙaddamar da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai da aka sarrafa yadda ya kamata ɗaya bayan ɗaya, ma'aikata za su ɗauki kasada su nutse cikin ƙananan ma'adanai, kuma buƙata za ta ragu a hankali.
Rashin sinadarin cobalt a bayyane yake
A halin yanzu, adadin EVs ɗin har yanzu ƙanana ne, inda jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 7 kacal, ciki har da miliyan 2.1 da aka sayar a duk duniya a shekarar 2019. A gefe guda kuma, an ce jimillar motocin injina a duniya biliyan 1 ko biliyan 1.3 ne, kuma idan aka soke motocin mai aka maye gurbinsu da EV a nan gaba, za a buƙaci adadi mai yawa na cobalt cobalt oxide da cobalt hydroxide.
Jimillar adadin cobalt da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin batirin EV a shekarar 2019 ya kai tan 19,000, wanda ke nufin cewa ana buƙatar matsakaicin kilogiram 9 na cobalt ga kowace mota. Yin EV biliyan 1 tare da kilogiram 9 kowanne yana buƙatar tan miliyan 9 na cobalt, amma jimillar ajiyar da ake yi a duniya tan miliyan 7.1 ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda aka ambata a farko, tan 100,000 ne a wasu masana'antu kowace shekara. Tunda ƙarfe ne da ake amfani da shi sosai, a bayyane yake yana raguwa kamar yadda yake.
Ana sa ran tallace-tallacen EV za su ninka sau goma a shekarar 2025, inda ake buƙatar tan 250,000 a kowace shekara, gami da batirin da ke cikin mota, ƙarfe na musamman da sauran amfani. Ko da buƙatar EV ta ragu, za ta ƙare daga duk ajiyar da aka sani a yanzu cikin shekaru 30.
A kan wannan batu, masu haɓaka batirin suna aiki tuƙuru dare da rana kan yadda za su rage yawan cobalt. Misali, ana inganta batirin NMC da ke amfani da nickel, manganese, da cobalt ta hanyar NMC111 (nickel, manganese, da cobalt sune 1: 1. An rage yawan cobalt daga 1: 1) zuwa NMC532 da NMC811, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓaka NMC9.5.5 (rabo na cobalt shine 0.5).
NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminum) da Tesla ke amfani da shi ya rage yawan sinadarin cobalt zuwa kashi 3%, amma Model 3 da aka samar a China yana amfani da batirin lithium iron phosphate mara cobalt (LFP). Akwai kuma ma'auni da aka amince da su. Duk da cewa LFP ya yi ƙasa da NCA idan aka kwatanta da aiki, yana da fasalulluka na kayan aiki masu arha, wadata mai ɗorewa, da tsawon rai.
Kuma a "Ranar Batirin Tesla" da aka tsara daga karfe 6:30 na safe a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2020 a lokacin China, za a sanar da sabon batirin da ba shi da sinadarin cobalt, kuma zai fara samar da shi da yawa tare da Panasonic cikin 'yan shekaru. Ana sa ran.
Af, a Japan, "ƙarfe masu wuya" da "ƙasassu masu wuya" galibi ana rikitar da su. Ana amfani da karafa masu wuya a masana'antu saboda "tabbatar da wadatar da ta dace yana da mahimmanci dangane da manufofi tsakanin karafa waɗanda yawansu a duniya ba shi da yawa ko kuma yana da wahalar cirewa saboda dalilai na fasaha da tattalin arziki (Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu)". Karfe ne wanda ba ƙarfe ba wanda ake amfani da shi sau da yawa, kuma kalma ce ta gabaɗaya ga nau'ikan 31 ciki har da lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, da ƙasa mai wuya. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana kiran ƙasa mai wuya, kuma an bayyana nau'ikan 17 kamar neodymium da dysprosium da ake amfani da su don maganadisu na dindindin.
A dalilin rashin albarkatun cobalt, takardar ƙarfe da foda na cobalt, da mahaɗan cobalt kamar cobalt chloride har ma da hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride yana da ƙarancin wadata.
Hukuncin da ya dace daga cobalt
Yayin da aikin da ake buƙata don EVs ke ƙaruwa, ana sa ran cewa batirin da ba sa buƙatar cobalt, kamar batirin da ke da ƙarfi da batirin lithium-sulfur, za su bunkasa nan gaba, don haka abin farin ciki ba ma tsammanin za a ƙare albarkatun ba. Duk da haka, hakan yana nufin cewa buƙatar cobalt za ta faɗi a wani wuri.
Canjin zai zo nan da shekaru 5 zuwa 10 a farkon lokaci, kuma manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai ba sa son yin dogon jari a fannin hada-hadar cobalt. Duk da haka, saboda muna ganin ƙarshen, muna son masu hakar ma'adinai na gida su bar yanayin aiki mafi aminci fiye da kafin a fara amfani da kumfa na cobalt.
Kuma batirin motocin lantarki da ke kasuwa a yanzu haka suna buƙatar sake amfani da su bayan sun gama aikinsu shekaru 10 zuwa 20 bayan haka, wanda Redwood ne wanda Sumitomo Metals da tsohon babban jami'in fasaha na Tesla JB Strobel suka kafa. -Materials da sauransu sun riga sun kafa fasahar dawo da cobalt kuma za su sake amfani da ita tare da wasu albarkatu.
Ko da buƙatar wasu albarkatu ta ƙaru na ɗan lokaci a cikin tsarin juyin halittar motocin lantarki, za mu fuskanci dorewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ma'aikata kamar yadda ake yi da cobalt, kuma ba za mu ɗauki fushin Kobolts da ke ɓoye a cikin kogo ba. Ina so in kammala wannan labarin da fatan zama al'umma.