Cobalt isimbi inoshandiswa mumabhatiri emagetsi akawanda. Nhau dziripo ndedzekuti Tesla ichashandisa mabhatiri "asina cobalt", asi cobalt imhandoi ye "pfuma"? Ndichapfupisa kubva paruzivo rwekutanga rwaunoda kuziva.
Zita rayo rinonzi Conflict Minerals Derived from Demon
Unoziva here chinhu chinonzi cobalt? Hachingori mumabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) nemafoni, asiwo chinoshandiswa mumidziyo yesimbi yecobalt isingapisi senge mainjini ejet nema drill bits, magineti emaspika, uye, zvinoshamisa, kunatswa kwemafuta. Cobalt yakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Kobold," chikara chinowanzoonekwa mudungeon science fiction, uye yaitendwa muEurope yekare kuti vaiisa mashiripiti pamigodhi kuti vagadzire simbi dzakaoma uye dzine chepfu. ndizvozvo.
Zvino, kungave kune zvikara mumugodhi kana kuti kwete, cobalt ine chepfu uye inogona kukonzera njodzi huru dzehutano dzakadai sepneumoconiosis kana ukasapfeka midziyo yekudzivirira yakakodzera. Uye kunyangwe Democratic Republic of Congo ichigadzira inopfuura hafu yecobalt yepasi rose, mugodhi mudiki (Artisanal mine) uko varombo vasina mabasa vari kuchera makomba nemidziyo iri nyore vasina kudzidziswa kuchengetedzeka.), Njodzi dzinodonha dzinowanzoitika, vana vanomanikidzwa kushanda kwenguva yakareba nemari shoma inosvika 200 yen pazuva, uye kunyange Amatsu inzvimbo inopa mari kumapoka ane zvombo, saka cobalt iri pamwe chete negoridhe, tungsten, tin, uye tantalum. , Yakazonzi zvicherwa zvehondo.
Zvisinei, nekupararira kwemagetsi emagetsi (EVs) nemabhatiri e lithium-ion, mumakore achangopfuura makambani epasi rose akatanga kuferefeta kana cobalt inogadzirwa nenzira dzisina kunaka, kusanganisira nzira dzekugovera cobalt oxide ne cobalt hydroxide, iri kushandiswa.
Semuenzaniso, makambani makuru emabhatiri CATL neLG Chem ari kutora chikamu mu "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" inotungamirwa neChina, ichinyanya kushanda kuti ibvise kushandiswa kwevana.
Muna 2018, Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), sangano rekutengeserana kwecobalt fair, rakavambwa sechirongwa chekusimudzira pachena uye pamutemo kwemaitiro ekuchera cobalt. Vatori vechikamu vanosanganisira Tesla, iyo inoshandisa mabhatiri e lithium-ion, kambani huru yemagetsi yekuGerman Sono Motors, hofori yezvekushandisa zveSwitzerland Glencore, uye Huayu Cobalt yekuChina.
Tichitarisa kuJapan, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., iyo inotengesa zvinhu zvakanaka zvema electrode emabhatiri e lithium-ion kuPanasonic, yakagadzira "Mutemo weKutenga Zvigadzirwa zveCobalt Zvine Mutoro" muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020 uye yakatanga kuongorora nekutarisa.
Mune ramangwana, sezvo makambani makuru achatanga mapurojekiti ekuchera anotungamirirwa nemazvo rimwe nerimwe, vashandi vachafanira kutora njodzi vonyura mumigodhi midiki, uye kudiwa kuchaderera zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zviri pachena kuti hapana cobalt
Parizvino, huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi huchiri hudiki, nemamiriyoni manomwe chete, kusanganisira mamiriyoni maviri nerimwe chete akatengeswa pasi rose muna 2019. Kune rumwe rutivi, huwandu hwemotokari dzeinjini pasi rose hunonzi huri bhiriyoni imwe kana bhiriyoni imwe nehafu, uye kana mota dzepeturu dzikabviswa dzikatsiviwa nemotokari dzemagetsi mune ramangwana, huwandu hwakawanda hwe cobalt cobalt oxide ne cobalt hydroxide huchadiwa.
Huwandu hwese hwe cobalt hwakashandiswa mumabhatiri eEV muna 2019 hwaive matani 19,000, zvichireva kuti avhareji ye9 kg ye cobalt yaidiwa pamotokari imwe neimwe. Kugadzira ma EV bhiriyoni imwe neimwe ne9 kg imwe neimwe kunoda matani mamiriyoni mapfumbamwe e cobalt, asi huwandu hwese hwepasi rose hunongova matani mamiriyoni 7.1 chete, uye sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, matani zviuru zana mune mamwe maindasitiri gore rega rega. Sezvo iri simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, inoonekwa seyakapera sezvairi.
Kutengeswa kwemagetsi emota kunotarisirwa kukura zvakapetwa kagumi muna 2025, nezvinodiwa pagore zvematani 250,000, kusanganisira mabhatiri ari mumota, ma alloys akakosha nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Kunyangwe dai kudiwa kwemagetsi emota kwakawedzera, kwaizopera zvese zvinozivikanwa parizvino mukati memakore makumi matatu.
Zvichienderana neizvi, vagadziri vemabhatiri vari kushanda nesimba masikati neusiku kuti vangaderedza sei huwandu hwe cobalt. Semuenzaniso, mabhatiri eNMC anoshandisa nickel, manganese, uye cobalt ari kuvandudzwa neNMC111 (nickel, manganese, uye cobalt ari 1: 1. Huwandu hwe cobalt hwave huchidzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa1: 1) kuenda kuNMC532 neNMC811, uye NMC9.5.5 (cobalt ratio iri 0.5) iri kugadzirwa parizvino.
Iyo NCA (nickel, cobalt, aruminiyamu) inoshandiswa neTesla ine cobalt yakadzikiswa kusvika pa3%, asi iyo Model 3 inogadzirwa muChina inoshandisa cobalt-free lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP). Kunewo magiredhi akatorwa. Kunyangwe LFP iri pasi peNCA pakushanda kwayo, ine zvinhu zvakachipa, inowanikwa zvakanaka, uye inogara kwenguva refu.
Uye pa "Tesla Battery Day" yakarongerwa kubva na6:30 am musi wa23 Gunyana, 2020 panguva yeChina, bhatiri idzva risina cobalt richaziviswa, uye richatanga kugadzirwa nePanasonic mumakore mashoma anotevera. Zvinotarisirwa.
Nenzira, muJapan, "simbi dzisingawanzoonekwi" uye "nyika dzisingawanzoonekwi" zvinowanzovhiringidzika. Simbi dzisingawanzoonekwi dzinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri nekuti "kuwana huwandu hwakagadzikana kwakakosha maererano nemutemo pakati pesimbi dzine huwandu husingawanzoonekwi kana kuti dzakaoma kuburitsa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehunyanzvi nehupfumi (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)". Isimbi isingashandisi ferrous inowanzo shandiswa, uye izwi remarudzi makumi matatu nerimwe anosanganisira lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, uye nyika dzisingawanzoonekwi. Paidzi, nyika dzisingawanzoonekwi dzinonzi nyika dzisingawanzoonekwi, uye mhando gumi nenomwe dzakadai seneodymium nedysprosium dzinoshandiswa kumagineti anogara aripo dzinotsanangurwa.
Kunyangwe paine kushomeka kwe cobalt, cobalt metal sheet & powder, uye cobalt compounds dzakadai se cobaltous chloride, hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride haiwanikwe zvakanyanya.
Kurega zvine mutoro kubva ku cobalt
Sezvo mashandiro anodiwa kumaEV achiwedzera, zvinotarisirwa kuti mabhatiri asingade cobalt, akadai semabhatiri e-all-solid-state uye mabhatiri e lithium-sulfur, achashanduka mune ramangwana, saka nerombo rakanaka hatifungi kuti zviwanikwa zvichapera. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoreva kuti kudiwa kwe cobalt kuchadzikira pane imwe nzvimbo.
Nguva yekuchinja ichasvika mumakore mashanu kusvika gumi ekutanga, uye makambani makuru emigodhi haadi kuisa mari kwenguva refu mu cobalt. Zvisinei, nekuti tiri kuona mugumo, tinoda kuti vashandi vemumigodhi vemunharaunda vasiye nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekushanda kupfuura cobalt isati yatanga.
Uye mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi ari pamusika parizvino anofanirawo kudzokororwa mushure mekunge apedza mabasa awo makore gumi kusvika makumi maviri gare gare, iyo Redwood yakavambwa naSumitomo Metals uye aimbove mukuru wetekinoroji weTesla JB Strobel. -Zvishandiso nezvimwe zvakatotanga tekinoroji yekudzoreredza cobalt uye zvichazoishandisa zvakare nezvimwe zviwanikwa.
Kunyangwe kana kudiwa kwezvimwe zviwanikwa kukawedzera kwenguva pfupi mukushanduka kwemotokari dzemagetsi, tichatarisana nekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda uye kodzero dzevanhu dzevashandi zvakasimba se cobalt, uye hatizotendi hasha dzeKobolts dziri mubako. Ndinoda kupedzisa nyaya iyi netariro yekuva nzanga.