He metala ʻo Cobalt i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pila kaʻa uila he nui. ʻO ka nūhou, e hoʻohana ʻo Tesla i nā pila "cobalt-free", akā he aha ke ʻano o ka "kumuwaiwai" cobalt? E hōʻuluʻulu wau mai ka ʻike kumu āu e makemake ai e ʻike.
ʻO kona inoa ʻo Conflict Minerals i loaʻa mai ka Demon
Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i ka mea cobalt? ʻAʻole wale nō i loko o nā pila o nā kaʻa uila (EV) a me nā kelepona akamai, akā hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi i nā metala cobalt pale wela e like me nā mīkini jet a me nā ʻāpana wili, nā magnet no nā mea ʻōlelo, a, he mea kupanaha, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Cobalt ma hope o ka "Kobold," he moʻo e ʻike pinepine ʻia ana i ka moʻolelo ʻepekema paʻahao, a ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ma ʻEulopa medieval ua hoʻolei lākou i ka hana kilokilo ma nā mines e hana i nā metala paʻakikī a ʻawahia. pololei kēlā.
I kēia manawa, inā paha he mau moʻo i loko o ka lua, he mea ʻawahia ka cobalt a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino koʻikoʻi e like me ka pneumoconiosis inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻaʻahu i nā lako palekana pilikino kūpono. A ʻoiai ʻo ka Democratic Republic of Congo e hana ana ma mua o ka hapalua o ka cobalt o ka honua, kahi lua liʻiliʻi (Artisanal mine) kahi e ʻeli ai ka poʻe ʻilihune me ka ʻole o ka hana i nā lua me nā mea hana maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ke aʻo palekana. ), Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia nā ulia pōpilikia, koi ʻia nā keiki e hana no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka uku haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 200 yen i ka lā, a ʻo Amatsu kekahi kumu kālā no nā hui kaua, no laila aia ka cobalt ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke gula, tungsten, tin, a me ka tantalum. , Ua kapa ʻia ʻo nā minelala hakakā.
Eia nō naʻe, me ka laha ʻana o nā EV a me nā pākahi lithium-ion, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hoʻomaka nā ʻoihana honua e noiʻi inā ke hoʻohana ʻia nei ka cobalt i hana ʻia e nā ala kūpono ʻole, me ke kaulahao hoʻolako o ka cobalt oxide a me ka cobalt hydroxide.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ke komo nei nā hui pila nui ʻo CATL lāua ʻo LG Chem i ka "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" i alakaʻi ʻia e Kina, e hana nui ana e hoʻopau i ka hana keiki.
I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), he hui kālepa kūpono cobalt, ma ke ʻano he hana e hoʻolaha i ka moakāka a me ke kūpono o ke kaʻina hana eli cobalt. ʻO nā mea komo e komo pū ana me Tesla, ka mea e hoʻopau ana i nā pila lithium-ion, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka EV Kelemania ʻo Sono Motors, ka hui waiwai Swiss ʻo Glencore, a me Huayu Cobalt o Kina.
I ka nānā ʻana iā Iapana, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., ka mea e kūʻai nui aku i nā mea electrode maikaʻi no nā pila lithium-ion iā Panasonic, i ka "Kulekele ma ke Kūʻai Kuleana o nā Mea Maka Cobalt" i ʻAukake 2020 a hoʻomaka i ka hana pono a me ka nānā ʻana. lalo.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā ʻoihana nui i nā papahana mining i mālama pono ʻia kekahi ma hope o kekahi, pono nā limahana e lawe i nā pilikia a luʻu i loko o nā lua liʻiliʻi, a e emi mālie ana ke koi.
ʻIke ʻia ka nele o ka cobalt
I kēia manawa, he liʻiliʻi nō ka helu o nā EV, me ka huina o 7 miliona wale nō, me 2.1 miliona i kūʻai ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2019. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka huina o nā kaʻa ʻenekini ma ka honua nei ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 1 biliona a i ʻole 1.3 biliona, a inā e hoʻopau ʻia nā kaʻa gasoline a pani ʻia me nā EV i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e pono ai ka nui o ka cobalt cobalt oxide a me ka cobalt hydroxide.
ʻO ka nui o ka cobalt i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pila EV i ka makahiki 2019 he 19,000 tons, ʻo ia hoʻi he awelika o 9 kg o ka cobalt i pono no kēlā me kēia kaʻa. ʻO ka hana ʻana i 1 biliona EV me 9 kg pākahi e pono ai he 9 miliona tons o ka cobalt, akā ʻo ka huina o nā waihona o ka honua he 7.1 miliona tons wale nō, a e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana, 100,000 tons ma nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOiai he metala ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ka emi ʻana e like me ia.
Manaʻo ʻia e ulu ana ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā EV he ʻumi manawa i ka makahiki 2025, me ke koi makahiki o 250,000 tone, me nā pila i loko o ke kaʻa, nā mea hoʻohuihui kūikawā a me nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe. Inā paha e emi iho ke koi no nā EV, e pau ana nā waihona i ʻike ʻia i loko o 30 mau makahiki.
I kēia kūlana, ke hana nui nei nā mea hoʻomohala pila i ke ao a me ka pō i ka pehea e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o ka cobalt. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nei nā pila NMC e hoʻohana ana i ka nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt e NMC111 (ʻo ka nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt he 1: 1. Ua hoʻemi mau ʻia ka nui o ka cobalt mai 1: 1) a i NMC532 a me NMC811, a ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei ʻo NMC9.5.5 (ʻo ka lakio cobalt he 0.5).
Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka cobalt i ka NCA (nickel, cobalt, alumini) i hoʻohana ʻia e Tesla i 3%, akā ʻo ka Model 3 i hana ʻia ma Kina e hoʻohana ana i kahi pākahi lithium hao phosphate (LFP) ʻaʻohe cobalt. Aia kekahi mau papa i lawe ʻia. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka LFP ma mua o ka NCA ma ke ʻano o ka hana, loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hana haʻahaʻa, ka lako paʻa, a me ke ola lōʻihi.
A ma ka "Tesla Battery Day" i hoʻonohonoho ʻia mai ka hola 6:30 am ma Kepakemapa 23, 2020 ma ka manawa Kina, e hoʻolaha ʻia kahi pākahiko cobalt-free hou, a e hoʻomaka ia i ka hana nui me Panasonic i loko o kekahi mau makahiki. Manaʻo ʻia.
Ma ke ala, ma Iapana, ua huikau pinepine ʻia nā "metala laha ʻole" a me nā "honua laha ʻole". Hoʻohana ʻia nā metala laha ʻole i ka ʻoihana no ka mea "he mea nui ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi lako paʻa ma ke ʻano o ke kulekele ma waena o nā metala nona ka nui ma ka honua he laha ʻole a paʻakikī paha ke unuhi ma muli o nā kumu loea a me ka hoʻokele waiwai (Ke Kuhina Hoʻokele Waiwai, Kālepa a me ka ʻOihana)". He metala ʻole ia i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, a he huaʻōlelo maʻamau no 31 mau ʻano e like me ka lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, a me nā honua laha ʻole. No kēia mau mea, ua kapa ʻia nā honua laha ʻole he mau honua laha ʻole, a ua wehewehe ʻia he 17 mau ʻano e like me ka neodymium a me ka dysprosium i hoʻohana ʻia no nā magnet mau loa.
Ma ke kua o ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai cobalt, ua nele ka pepa metala cobalt a me ka pauka, a me nā hui cobalt e like me ka cobaltous chloride a me ka hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride.
Ka haki kuleana mai ka cobalt
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana e pono ai no nā EV, ua manaʻo ʻia e ulu aʻe nā pila ʻaʻole pono ka cobalt, e like me nā pila paʻa-paʻa a me nā pila lithium-sulfur, i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no laila, ʻaʻole mākou e manaʻo e pau nā kumuwaiwai. Eia naʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hiolo ana ke koi no ka cobalt ma kekahi wahi.
E hiki mai ana ka manawa huli i loko o 5 a 10 mau makahiki ma ka hikiwawe loa, a ke kānalua nei nā ʻoihana mining nui e hana i nā hoʻopukapuka kālā lōʻihi i ka cobalt. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea ke ʻike nei mākou i ka hopena, makemake mākou e haʻalele nā mea miners kūloko i kahi ʻano hana palekana ma mua o ka pehu cobalt.
A pono hoʻi e hana hou ʻia nā pila o nā kaʻa uila e kū nei ma ka mākeke ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou mau hana he 10 a 20 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Redwood i hoʻokumu ʻia e Sumitomo Metals a me ke luna ʻenehana mua o Tesla ʻo JB Strobel. -Ua hoʻokumu mua nā mea a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka ʻenehana hoʻōla cobalt a e hoʻohana hou iā ia me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiai inā e piʻi iki ana ke koi no kekahi mau kumuwaiwai i ke kaʻina hana o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻa uila, e kū pono mākou i ke kūpaʻa a me nā pono kanaka o nā limahana e like me ka cobalt, a ʻaʻole e kūʻai i ka huhū o Kobolts e peʻe ana i loko o ke ana. Makemake au e hoʻopau i kēia moʻolelo me ka manaʻolana e lilo i kaiāulu.