Cobalt ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire ambiri amagetsi. Nkhani ndi yakuti Tesla idzagwiritsa ntchito mabatire "opanda cobalt", koma kodi cobalt ndi "chuma" chotani? Ndifotokozera mwachidule kuchokera ku chidziwitso choyambirira chomwe mukufuna kudziwa.
Dzina lake ndi Conflict Minerals Derived from Demon
Kodi mukudziwa cobalt? Sizimangokhala m'mabatire a magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) ndi mafoni a m'manja okha, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zitsulo zachitsulo za cobalt zosatentha monga injini za jet ndi ma drill bits, maginito a ma speaker, komanso, modabwitsa, kuyeretsa mafuta. Cobalt imatchedwa dzina la "Kobold," chilombo chomwe chimapezeka kawirikawiri m'mabuku a sayansi ya dungeon, ndipo anthu ankakhulupirira ku Europe wakale kuti amagwiritsa ntchito matsenga pamigodi kuti apange zitsulo zovuta komanso zoopsa. Ndi zoona.
Tsopano, kaya pali zilombo mu mgodi kapena ayi, cobalt ndi poizoni ndipo ingayambitse zoopsa zazikulu paumoyo monga pneumoconiosis ngati simuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera. Ndipo ngakhale kuti Democratic Republic of Congo imapanga cobalt yoposa theka la dziko lonse lapansi, mgodi waung'ono (mgodi wa Artisanal) komwe anthu osauka opanda ntchito akukumba mabowo ndi zida zosavuta popanda maphunziro aliwonse achitetezo. ), Ngozi zogwa zimachitika kawirikawiri, ana amakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ndi malipiro ochepa a pafupifupi 200 yen patsiku, ndipo ngakhale Amatsu ndi gwero la ndalama zothandizira magulu ankhondo, kotero cobalt ili pamodzi ndi golide, tungsten, tin, ndi tantalum. , Inayamba kutchedwa mchere wankhondo.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa ma EV ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion, m'zaka zaposachedwa makampani apadziko lonse lapansi ayamba kufufuza ngati cobalt yopangidwa ndi njira zosayenera, kuphatikizapo unyolo woperekera wa cobalt oxide ndi cobalt hydroxide, ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mwachitsanzo, makampani akuluakulu a mabatire CATL ndi LG Chem akutenga nawo mbali mu "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" yotsogozedwa ndi China, makamaka yogwira ntchito yothetsa ntchito za ana.
Mu 2018, bungwe la Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), lomwe ndi bungwe lochita malonda a cobalt, linakhazikitsidwa ngati njira yolimbikitsira kuwonekera bwino komanso kuvomerezeka kwa njira yopezera ndalama za cobalt. Omwe adatenga nawo mbali ndi Tesla, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion, kampani yoyambira yamagetsi yaku Germany Sono Motors, kampani yayikulu yaku Switzerland ya Glencore, ndi Huayu Cobalt yaku China.
Poyang'ana ku Japan, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., yomwe imagulitsa zinthu zabwino za ma electrode a mabatire a lithiamu-ion ku Panasonic, idakhazikitsa "Ndondomeko Yogula Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri za Cobalt" mu Ogasiti 2020 ndipo idayamba kufufuza bwino ndikuwunika.
Mtsogolomu, pamene makampani akuluakulu adzayambitsa mapulojekiti oyendetsedwa bwino a migodi motsatizana, antchito adzayenera kutenga zoopsa ndikulowa m'migodi yaying'ono, ndipo kufunikira kudzachepa pang'onopang'ono.
Kusowa kwa cobalt koonekeratu
Pakadali pano, chiwerengero cha magalimoto amagetsi (EV) chikadali chochepa, ndipo onse ndi 7 miliyoni okha, kuphatikizapo 2.1 miliyoni omwe adagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu 2019. Kumbali ina, chiwerengero chonse cha magalimoto a injini padziko lonse lapansi akuti ndi 1 biliyoni kapena 1.3 biliyoni, ndipo ngati magalimoto amafuta a petulo achotsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi magalimoto amagetsi mtsogolo, padzafunika kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa cobalt cobalt oxide ndi cobalt hydroxide.
Kuchuluka kwa cobalt komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire a EV mu 2019 kunali matani 19,000, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi makilogalamu 9 a cobalt ankafunika pa galimoto iliyonse. Kupanga ma EV 1 biliyoni ndi 9 kg iliyonse kumafuna matani 9 miliyoni a cobalt, koma malo osungira padziko lonse lapansi ndi matani 7.1 miliyoni okha, ndipo monga tafotokozera poyamba, matani 100,000 m'mafakitale ena chaka chilichonse. Popeza ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chimaoneka kuti chatha.
Malonda a magalimoto amagetsi akuyembekezeka kukwera kakhumi mu 2025, ndi kufunikira kwa matani 250,000 pachaka, kuphatikizapo mabatire omwe ali m'galimoto, ma alloy apadera ndi ntchito zina. Ngakhale kufunikira kwa magalimoto amagetsi kutakhala kotsika, sikudzatha mphamvu zonse zomwe zikudziwika pano mkati mwa zaka 30.
Poganizira izi, opanga mabatire akugwira ntchito mwakhama usana ndi usiku kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa cobalt. Mwachitsanzo, mabatire a NMC omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nickel, manganese, ndi cobalt akuwongoleredwa ndi NMC111 (nickel, manganese, ndi cobalt ndi 1: 1. Kuchuluka kwa cobalt kwachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa 1: 1) kufika pa NMC532 ndi NMC811, ndipo NMC9.5.5 (cobalt ratio ndi 0.5) ikupangidwa pakadali pano.
NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminiyamu) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Tesla yachepetsa kuchuluka kwa cobalt kufika pa 3%, koma Model 3 yopangidwa ku China imagwiritsa ntchito batire ya lithiamu iron phosphate (LFP) yopanda cobalt. Palinso mitundu yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti LFP ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi NCA pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito, ili ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo, kupezeka kokhazikika, komanso moyo wautali.
Ndipo pa "Tesla Battery Day" yomwe ikuyembekezeka kuyamba 6:30 am pa Seputembala 23, 2020 nthawi ya ku China, batire yatsopano yopanda cobalt idzalengezedwa, ndipo idzayamba kupanga zinthu zambiri ndi Panasonic m'zaka zingapo. Zikuyembekezeka.
Mwa njira, ku Japan, "zitsulo zosowa" ndi "nthaka zosowa" nthawi zambiri zimasokonezeka. Zitsulo zosowa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale chifukwa "kupeza chuma chokhazikika ndikofunikira pankhani ya mfundo pakati pa zitsulo zomwe kuchuluka kwake padziko lapansi n'kosowa kapena kovuta kuzitulutsa chifukwa cha zifukwa zaukadaulo ndi zachuma (Unduna wa Zachuma, Malonda ndi Makampani)". Ndi chitsulo chosakhala ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndipo ndi mawu wamba a mitundu 31 kuphatikiza lithiamu, titaniyamu, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinamu, ndi nthaka zosowa. Mwa izi, nthaka zosowa zimatchedwa nthaka zosowa, ndipo mitundu 17 monga neodymium ndi dysprosium zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maginito okhazikika zimafotokozedwa.
Ngakhale kuti palibe cobalt, pepala lachitsulo la cobalt ndi ufa, ndi mankhwala a cobalt monga cobalt chloride, hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride ndi yochepa.
Kupuma mwaulemu kuchokera ku cobalt
Pamene magwiridwe antchito ofunikira pa ma EV akuwonjezeka, zikuyembekezeka kuti mabatire omwe safuna cobalt, monga mabatire olimba onse ndi mabatire a lithiamu-sulfure, adzasintha mtsogolo, kotero mwamwayi sitikuganiza kuti zinthu zidzatha. Komabe, izi zikutanthauza kuti kufunikira kwa cobalt kudzachepa kwinakwake.
Kusinthaku kudzachitika patatha zaka 5 mpaka 10, ndipo makampani akuluakulu amigodi sakufuna kuyika ndalama zambiri mu cobalt kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, chifukwa tikuwona mapeto, tikufuna kuti ogwira ntchito m'migodi akumaloko achoke pamalo otetezeka ogwirira ntchito kuposa momwe cobalt isanayambire.
Ndipo mabatire a magalimoto amagetsi omwe ali pamsika pano amafunikanso kubwezeretsedwanso akamaliza ntchito zawo patatha zaka 10 mpaka 20, zomwe Redwood idakhazikitsidwa ndi Sumitomo Metals ndi mkulu wakale waukadaulo wa Tesla, JB Strobel. -Zinthu ndi zina zakhazikitsa kale ukadaulo wobwezeretsa cobalt ndipo zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi zinthu zina.
Ngakhale kufunikira kwa zinthu zina kukuwonjezeka kwakanthawi pakusintha kwa magalimoto amagetsi, tidzakumana ndi kukhazikika kwachuma komanso ufulu wa anthu wa ogwira ntchito monga momwe zilili ndi cobalt, ndipo sitidzagula mkwiyo wa Kobolts womwe uli m'phanga. Ndikufuna kutsiriza nkhaniyi ndi chiyembekezo chokhala anthu.