Menene ka'idar sinadaran ƙarfe da ke sha haskokin infrared kuma menene abubuwan da ke tasiri a gare su?
Haɗaɗɗun ƙarfe, gami da mahaɗan ƙasa masu wuya, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shanyewar infrared. A matsayinsu na jagora a cikin mahaɗan ƙarfe masu wuya da na ƙasa masu wuya,Kamfanin UrbanMines Tech. Ltd.yana hidima ga kusan kashi 1/8 na abokan cinikin duniya don shan infrared. Domin magance tambayoyin fasaha na abokan cinikinmu kan wannan batu, cibiyar bincike da haɓaka kamfaninmu ta tattara wannan labarin don samar da amsoshi.
1. Ka'ida da halaye na shan infrared ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙarfe
Ka'idar shan infrared ta hanyar mahaɗan ƙarfe galibi ta dogara ne akan girgizar tsarin ƙwayoyin halittarsu da haɗin sinadarai. Infrared spectroscopy yana nazarin tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar auna canjin girgizar ƙwayoyin halitta da matakan kuzarin juyawa. Girgizar haɗin sinadarai a cikin mahaɗan ƙarfe zai haifar da shaƙar infrared, musamman haɗin ƙarfe-organic a cikin mahaɗan ƙarfe-organic, girgizar haɗin inorganic da yawa, da girgizar firam ɗin kristal, wanda zai bayyana a yankuna daban-daban na bakan infrared.
Ayyukan mahaɗan ƙarfe daban-daban a cikin hasken infrared:
(1). Kayan MXene: MXene wani sinadari ne mai canzawa mai girma biyu na ƙarfe-carbon/nitrogen tare da kayan aiki masu yawa, ƙarfin lantarki na ƙarfe, babban yanki na musamman, da kuma saman aiki. Yana da matakan shaye-shaye na infrared daban-daban a cikin madaurin infrared kusa da infrared da tsakiyar/nesa-infrared kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin camouflage na infrared, canza yanayin zafi, da sauran fannoni a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
(2).Haɗaɗɗun Tagulla: Haɗaɗɗun tagulla masu ɗauke da phosphorus suna aiki sosai a tsakanin masu shaƙar infrared, suna hana baƙaƙen yanayi da hasken ultraviolet ke haifarwa yadda ya kamata, kuma suna kiyaye ingantaccen watsa haske da kuma halayen shaƙar infrared na dogon lokaci3.
Lambobin aikace-aikace masu amfani
(1).Kamewar Infrared : Ana amfani da kayan MXene sosai a cikin kamewar infrared saboda kyawawan halayensu na shaƙar infrared. Suna iya rage halayen infrared da kyau da kuma inganta ɓoyewa2.
(2).Mai canza yanayin zafi na hoto: Kayan MXene suna da ƙarancin halayen hayaki a cikin madaurin infrared na tsakiya/nesa, waɗanda suka dace da aikace-aikacen canza yanayin zafi na hoto kuma suna iya canza makamashin haske zuwa makamashin zafi yadda ya kamata2.
(3). Kayan Tagogi: Ana amfani da abubuwan da ke ɗauke da sinadarin resin da ke ɗauke da sinadarin infrared a cikin kayan taga don toshe hasken infrared yadda ya kamata da kuma inganta ingancin makamashi 3.
Waɗannan sharuɗɗan aikace-aikacen suna nuna bambancin da kuma amfani da mahaɗan ƙarfe a cikin shan infrared, musamman mahimmancin rawar da suke takawa a kimiyya da masana'antu na zamani.
2. Waɗanne sinadarai ne na ƙarfe za su iya shanye haskoki na infrared?
Sinadaran ƙarfe waɗanda zasu iya sha haskoki na infrared sun haɗa daAntimony tin oxide (ATO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), iron tetroxide (Fe3O4) da strontium titanate (SrTiO3).
2.1 Halayen sha na infrared na mahaɗan ƙarfe
Antimony tin oxide (ATO): Yana iya kare hasken da ke kusa da infrared tare da tsawon tsayi fiye da 1500 nm, amma ba zai iya kare hasken ultraviolet da hasken infrared tare da tsawon tsayi ƙasa da 1500 nm ba.
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO): Kamar ATO, yana da tasirin kare hasken kusa da infrared.
Zinc aluminum oxide (AZO): Hakanan yana da aikin kare hasken kusa da infrared.
Tungsten trioxide (WO3): Yana da tasirin tasirin plasmon a saman da aka saba da shi da kuma ƙaramin tsarin sha na polaron, yana iya kare hasken infrared tare da tsawon tsayin 780-2500 nm, kuma ba shi da guba kuma mai araha.
Fe3O4: Yana da kyawawan halayen shaƙar infrared da amsawar zafi kuma ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin na'urori masu auna firikwensin infrared da na'urori masu ganowa.
Strontium titanate (SrTiO3): yana da kyawawan kaddarorin sha na infrared da na gani, wanda ya dace da na'urori masu auna infrared da na'urori masu ganowa.
Erbium fluoride (ErF3): wani sinadari ne na ƙasa wanda ba kasafai ake samu ba wanda zai iya shan haskoki na infrared. Erbium fluoride yana da lu'ulu'u masu launin fure, wurin narkewa na 1350°C, wurin tafasa na 2200°C, da kuma yawan 7.814g/cm³. Ana amfani da shi galibi a cikin shafan gani, maganin fiber doping, lu'ulu'u na laser, kayan albarkatun crystal guda ɗaya, amplifiers na laser, ƙarin abubuwan kara kuzari, da sauran fannoni.
2.2 Amfani da mahaɗan ƙarfe a cikin kayan shaye-shayen infrared
Ana amfani da waɗannan mahaɗan ƙarfe sosai a cikin kayan shaye-shaye na infrared. Misali, ana amfani da ATO, ITO, da AZO sau da yawa a cikin murfin kariya na radiation mai haske, mai hana kumburi, da kuma electrodes masu haske; WO3 ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan kariya na zafi, shaye-shaye, da kuma haske saboda kyakkyawan aikin kariya na kusa-infrared da kuma kaddarorin da ba su da guba. Waɗannan mahaɗan ƙarfe suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen fasahar infrared saboda halayen shaye-shaye na infrared na musamman.
2.3 Waɗanne abubuwa ne na ƙasa marasa yawa za su iya sha haskoki masu infrared?
Daga cikin abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samu a duniya ba, lanthanum hexaboride da lanthanum boride mai girman nano na iya shanye haskoki masu haske.Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6)abu ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a fannin radar, sararin samaniya, masana'antar lantarki, kayan aiki, kayan aikin likita, aikin ƙarfe na kayan gida, kariyar muhalli, da sauran fannoni. Musamman ma, lu'ulu'u ɗaya na lanthanum hexaboride abu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen yin bututun lantarki masu ƙarfi, magnetrons, hasken lantarki, hasken ion, da kuma cathodes mai saurin motsawa.
Bugu da ƙari, nano-scale lanthanum boride shi ma yana da ikon shan haskoki na infrared. Ana amfani da shi a cikin murfin da ke saman zanen fim ɗin polyethylene don toshe haskoki na infrared daga hasken rana. Yayin da yake shan haskoki na infrared, nano-scale lanthanum boride baya shan haske da yawa da ake iya gani. Wannan kayan zai iya hana haskoki na infrared shiga gilashin taga a cikin yanayi mai zafi, kuma zai iya amfani da makamashin haske da zafi yadda ya kamata a cikin yanayin sanyi.
Ana amfani da sinadarai masu ƙarancin ƙarfi a fannoni da dama, ciki har da na soja, makamashin nukiliya, fasaha mai zurfi, da kayayyakin yau da kullun. Misali, ana amfani da lanthanum don inganta aikin dabara na ƙarfe a cikin makamai da kayan aiki, ana amfani da gadolinium da isotopes ɗinsa azaman masu shaƙar neutron a fagen makamashin nukiliya, kuma ana amfani da cerium azaman ƙarin gilashi don shaƙar hasken ultraviolet da infrared.
Cerium, a matsayin ƙarin gilashi, yana iya shan hasken ultraviolet da infrared kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin gilashin mota. Ba wai kawai yana kare shi daga hasken ultraviolet ba, har ma yana rage zafin da ke cikin motar, don haka yana adana wutar lantarki don sanyaya iska. Tun daga shekarar 1997, an ƙara gilashin motar Japan da cerium oxide, kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin motoci a shekarar 1996.
3. Halaye da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga shan infrared ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙarfe
3.1 Kayayyaki da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga shan infrared ta hanyar haɗakar ƙarfe sun haɗa da waɗannan fannoni:
Tsarin sha: Yawan sha na mahaɗan ƙarfe zuwa haskokin infrared ya bambanta dangane da abubuwa kamar nau'in ƙarfe, yanayin saman, zafin jiki, da tsawon haskokin infrared. Karafa na yau da kullun kamar aluminum, jan ƙarfe, da baƙin ƙarfe yawanci suna da ƙimar sha na haskokin infrared tsakanin 10% zuwa 50% a zafin ɗakin. Misali, ƙimar sha na saman aluminum mai tsabta zuwa haskokin infrared a zafin ɗakin yana kusan 12%, yayin da ƙimar sha na saman jan ƙarfe mai kauri na iya kaiwa kusan 40%.
3.2 Halaye da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga shan infrared ta hanyar mahaɗan ƙarfe:
Nau'ikan karafa: Karafa daban-daban suna da tsarin atomic daban-daban da kuma tsarin electrons, wanda ke haifar da damar sha daban-daban ga haskokin infrared.
Yanayin saman: Rashin ƙarfi, layin oxide, ko kuma rufin saman ƙarfe zai shafi ƙimar sha.
Zafin Jiki: Canje-canje a yanayin zafi zai canza yanayin lantarki a cikin ƙarfe, wanda hakan zai shafi shan hasken infrared.
Raƙuman Infrared: Raƙuman infrared daban-daban suna da ikon sha daban-daban ga ƙarfe.
Canje-canje a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi: A ƙarƙashin wasu takamaiman yanayi, ƙimar sha na haskoki na infrared da ƙarfe ke amfani da su na iya canzawa sosai. Misali, lokacin da aka shafa saman ƙarfe da wani Layer na kayan musamman, ikonsa na sha na haskoki na infrared zai iya ƙaruwa. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a yanayin lantarki na ƙarfe a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan sha.
Filayen aikace-aikace: Sifofin shaƙar infrared na mahaɗan ƙarfe suna da mahimmancin amfani a fasahar infrared, hoton zafi, da sauran fannoni. Misali, ta hanyar sarrafa murfin ko zafin saman ƙarfe, ana iya daidaita shaƙar haskokin infrared, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da su a cikin auna zafin jiki, hoton zafi, da sauransu.
Hanyoyin Gwaji da Bayanin Bincike: Masu bincike sun ƙayyade yawan shan haskoki na infrared ta hanyar ƙarfe ta hanyar ma'aunin gwaji da kuma nazarin ƙwararru. Waɗannan bayanai suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen gani na mahaɗan ƙarfe da haɓaka aikace-aikace masu alaƙa.
A taƙaice, halayen shaƙar infrared na mahaɗan ƙarfe suna shafar abubuwa da yawa kuma suna iya canzawa sosai a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ana amfani da waɗannan kaddarorin sosai a fannoni da yawa.