Ngā Whakakōkī e Hangai ana ki te Antimony

Ko te muka polyester (PET) te momo muka hangai nui rawa atu. He pai ngā kākahu i hangaia ki te muka polyester, he maeneene, he ngāwari ki te horoi, ā, he tere ki te maroke. He whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga o te polyester hei rauemi mata mō ngā takai, ngā miro ahumahi, me ngā kirihou hangarau. Nō reira, kua tere te whanaketanga o te polyester puta noa i te ao, e piki haere ana i te tere toharite ā-tau o te 7% me te nui o te putanga.

Ka taea te wehewehe i te hanga polyester ki te ara dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) me te ara terephthalic acid (PTA) i runga i te ara tukanga, ā, ka taea hoki te wehewehe ki te tukanga wā poto me te tukanga tonu i runga i te mahi. Ahakoa te ara tukanga whakaputa i whakamahia, me whakamahi ngā matū whakarewa hei whakakorikori i te tauhohenga polycondensation. Ko te tauhohenga polycondensation he taahiraa matua i roto i te tukanga whakaputa polyester, ā, ko te wā polycondensation te aukati mō te whakapai ake i te hua. Ko te whakapai ake i te pūnaha whakakorikori he mea nui ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te polyester me te whakapoto i te wā polycondensation.

He kamupene Haina matua a UrbanMines Tech. Limited e tohunga ana ki te R&D, te whakaputa, me te tuku i te antimony trioxide kounga-whakarewa polyester, te antimony acetate, me te antimony glycol. Kua whakahaerehia e mātou he rangahau hōhonu mō ēnei hua—kei roto i tēnei tuhinga te whakarāpopototanga o te tari R&D o UrbanMines i te rangahau me te whakamahinga o ngā whakarewa antimony hei āwhina i ā mātou kiritaki ki te whakamahi ngāwari, ki te arotau i ngā tukanga whakaputa, me te whakarato i te whakataetae whānui o ngā hua muka polyester.

E whakapono whānuitia ana e ngā tohunga o roto me tāwāhi ko te polycondensation polyester he tauhohenga toronga mekameka, ā, ko te tikanga whakateretere e pā ana ki te taunga chelation, e hiahia ana te ngota whakarewa whakateretere ki te whakarato i ngā orbital kau hei taunga ki te takirua pewa o ngā irahiko o te hāora carbonyl kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakateretere. Mō te polycondensation, nā te mea he iti te kiato kapua irahiko o te hāora carbonyl i roto i te rōpū hydroxyethyl ester, he teitei te electronegativity o ngā katote whakarewa i te wā o te taunga, hei whakahaere i te taunga me te toronga mekameka.

Ko ngā mea e whai ake nei ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakorikori polyester: Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Al, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ti, Nb, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Hg me ētahi atu waikura whakarewa, waipiro, carboxylates, borates, halides me amines, ureas, guanidines, me ngā matū waro kei roto he whanariki. Heoi, ko ngā whakakorikori e whakamahia ana, e akohia ana hoki i roto i te hanga ahumahi ko ngā matū raupapa Sb, Ge, me Ti. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu: He iti ake ngā tauhohenga taha o ngā whakakorikori e hangai ana ki te Ge, ā, he PET kounga teitei te kounga e puta ana, engari kāore i te teitei te mahi, ā, he iti ngā rauemi, ā, he utu nui; He nui te mahi a ngā whakakorikori e hangai ana ki te Ti, ā, he tere te tauhohenga, engari he mārama ake ngā tauhohenga taha whakakorikori, ka hua ake he iti te pumau o te wera me te tae kōwhai o te hua, ā, ko te tikanga ka taea anake te whakamahi mō te hanga PBT, PTT, PCT, me ētahi atu. Ehara i te mea he kaha ake ngā whakakorikori Sb anake. He teitei te kounga o te hua nā te mea he kaha ake ngā whakakorikori Sb, he iti ake ngā tauhohenga taha, ā, he iti ake te utu. Nō reira, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā whakakorikori Sb e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), te antimony acetate (Sb(CH3COO)3), me ētahi atu.

Ki te titiro ki te hītori whanaketanga o te umanga polyester, ka kitea e tātou neke atu i te 90% o ngā whare polyester o te ao e whakamahi ana i ngā matū antimony hei whakakorikori. I te tau 2000, kua whakauruhia e Haina ētahi whare polyester, ā, ko ēnei katoa i whakamahi i ngā matū antimony hei whakakorikori, ko te nuinga ko Sb2O3 me Sb(CH3COO)3. Nā ngā mahi tahi a ngā rangahau pūtaiao Hainamana, ngā whare wānanga, me ngā tari whakaputa, kua oti katoa te whakaputa i ēnei whakakorikori e rua i roto i te motu.

Mai i te tau 1999, kua whakarewahia e te kamupene matū Wīwī a Elf tētahi whakakorikori antimony glycol [Sb2 (OCH2CH2CO) 3] hei hua whakapai ake i ngā whakakorikori tuku iho. He mā te tae o ngā maramara polyester e hangaia ana, ā, he pai te āheinga ki te hurihuri, ā, kua aro nui mai ngā whare rangahau whakakorikori ā-rohe, ngā umanga, me ngā kaihanga polyester i Haina.

I. Te rangahau me te whakamahinga o te antimony trioxide
Ko te Hononga o Amerika tētahi o ngā whenua tuatahi ki te whakaputa me te whakamahi i te Sb2O3. I te tau 1961, i eke te whakamahinga o te Sb2O3 i te Hononga o Amerika ki te 4,943 tana. I ngā tau 1970, e rima ngā kamupene i Hapani i whakaputa i te Sb2O3 me te katoa o te kaha whakaputa o te 6,360 tana ia tau.

Ko ngā wāhanga rangahau me te whanaketanga Sb2O3 matua o Haina kei roto i ngā umanga kāwanatanga o mua i te Porowini o Hunan me Shanghai. Kua whakatūria hoki e UrbanMines Tech. Limited tētahi raina whakaputa ngaio i te Porowini o Hunan.

(I). Tikanga mō te whakaputa i te antimony trioxide
Ko te matūriki whanariki antimony te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o te Sb2O3. Ka whakaritea tuatahitia te antimony whakarewa, kātahi ka hangaia te Sb2O3 mā te whakamahi i te antimony whakarewa hei rauemi mata.
E rua ngā tikanga matua mō te whakaputa Sb2O3 mai i te antimony whakarewa: te waikura tika me te wetewete hauota.

1. Tikanga whakahāora tika
Ka tauhohe te konukōre antimony ki te hāora i raro i te whakamahana hei hanga i te Sb2O3. Ko te tukanga tauhohenga penei:
4Sb + 3O2 = = 2Sb2O3

2. Te Āmoniolysis
Ka tauhohe te konganuku antimony ki te chlorine hei hanga i te antimony trichloride, ka whakahoroa, ka whakawairohia, ka whakaamonohia, ka horoia, ka whakamarokehia kia puta ai te hua Sb2O3 kua oti. Ko te whārite tauhohenga taketake ko:
2Sb + 3Cl2 = = 2SbCl3
SbCl3 + H2O = = SbOCl + 2HCl
4SbOCl + H2O = = Sb2O3 · 2SbOCl + 2HCl
Sb2O3·2SbOCl+OH==2Sb2O3+2NH4Cl+H2O

(II). Ngā whakamahinga o te antimony trioxide
Ko te whakamahinga matua o te antimony trioxide he whakakorikori mō te polymerase me te aukati mura mō ngā rauemi hangai.
I roto i te umanga polyester, i whakamahia tuatahitia a Sb2O3 hei whakakorikori. Ko te Sb2O3 te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei whakakorikori polycondensation mō te ara DMT me te ara PTA tōmua, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana me te H3PO4, me ōna whākōkī rānei.

(III). Ngā raruraru ki te antimony trioxide
He iti te wairewatanga o te Sb2O3 i roto i te ethylene glycol, ā, ko te wairewatanga he 4.04% noa iho i te 150°C. Nō reira, ina whakamahia te ethylene glycol hei whakarite i te whakakorikori, he iti te mararatanga o te Sb2O3, ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te whakakorikori i roto i te pūnaha whakapūhui, te whakaputa i ngā trimers huringa teitei-ira-rewa, me te whakararu i te takahuri. Hei whakapai ake i te wairewatanga me te mararatanga o te Sb2O3 i roto i te ethylene glycol, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te whakamahi i te nui rawa o te ethylene glycol, te whakanui ake rānei i te pāmahana whakarewatanga ki runga ake i te 150°C. Heoi, i runga ake i te 120°C, ka puta pea i te Sb2O3 me te ethylene glycol te maturuturunga antimony ethylene glycol ina mahi tahi mō te wā roa, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te Sb2O3 ki te antimony konganuku i roto i te tauhohenga polycondensation, ka taea te "kohu" i roto i ngā maramara polyester me te pā ki te kounga o te hua.

II. Te rangahau me te whakamahinga o te acetate antimony
Tikanga whakarite o te acetate antimony
I te tīmatanga, i whakaritea te antimony acetate mā te tauhohe i te antimony trioxide ki te waikawa acetic, ā, i whakamahia te acetic anhydride hei whakamaroke hei mimiti i te wai i puta mai i te tauhohenga. Kāore i teitei te kounga o te hua kua oti te whiwhi mā tēnei tikanga, ā, neke atu i te 30 hāora te roa mō te rewa o te antimony trioxide ki roto i te waikawa acetic. I muri mai, i whakaritea te antimony acetate mā te tauhohe i te konganuku antimony, te antimony trichloride, te antimony trioxide rānei ki te acetic anhydride, me te kore e hiahiatia he kaihoko whakamaroke.

1. Tikanga antimony trichloride
I te tau 1947, i hangaia e H. Schmidt me ētahi atu i Tiamana ki te Hauāuru a Sb(CH3COO)3 mā te tauhohe i a SbCl3 ki te acetic anhydride. Ko te tātai tauhohenga penei:
SbCl3+3(CH3CO)2O==Sb(CH3COO)3+3CH3COCl

2. Tikanga whakarewa antimony
I te tau 1954, i whakaritea e TAPaybea o te Uniana o Rūhia o mua a Sb(CH3COO)3 mā te tauhohe i te antimony whakarewa me te peroxyacetyl ki roto i te otinga benzene. Ko te tātai tauhohenga ko:
Sb+(CH3COO)2==Sb(CH3COO)3

3. Tikanga antimony trioxide
I te tau 1957, i whakamahia e F. Nerdel o Tiamana ki te Hauāuru te Sb2O3 hei tauhohe ki te anhydride acetic hei whakaputa i te Sb(CH3COO)3.
Sb2O3＋3（CH3CO）2O＝＝2Sb（CH3COO）3
Ko te ngoikoretanga o tēnei tikanga, ka kohikohi ngā tioata hei mongamonga nunui, ka piri pūmau ki te pakitara o roto o te tauhohenga, ka hua ake he kounga hua me te tae kino.

4. Tikanga whakarewa antimony trioxide
Hei whakakore i ngā ngoikoretanga o te tikanga i runga ake nei, ka tāpirihia he whakarewa kūpapa i te wā o te tauhohenga o te Sb2O3 me te acetic anhydride. Ko te tikanga whakarite motuhake koia tēnei:
(1) I te tau 1968, i whakaputa a R. Thoms o te American Mosun Chemical Company i tētahi patent mō te whakarite i te antimony acetate. I whakamahia e te patent te xylene (o-, m-, p-xylene, te ranunga rānei o aua mea) hei whakarewa koretake hei whakaputa i ngā tioata pai o te antimony acetate.
(2) I te tau 1973, i hangaia e te Czech Republic tētahi tikanga mō te whakaputa i te antimony acetate pai mā te whakamahi i te toluene hei whakarewa.

 

III. Te whakataurite i ngā whakakorikori e toru e ahu mai ana i te antimony