Ngokuthandwa nokusetyenziswa kweebhetri ezintsha zamandla ezifana neebhetri ze-lithium manganate, izixhobo zazo ezintle ezisekelwe kwi-manganese ziye zatsala ingqalelo enkulu. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha efanelekileyo, isebe lophando lwemarike le-UrbanMines Tech. Co., Ltd. lishwankathele imeko yophuhliso lweshishini le-manganese laseTshayina ukuze libhekisele kubathengi bethu.
1. Ubonelelo lweManganese: Isiphelo se-ore sixhomekeke ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe, kwaye amandla okuvelisa iimveliso ezicutshungulwayo agxile kakhulu.
1.1 Uthotho lweshishini leManganese
Iimveliso zeManganese zizityebi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yentsimbi, kwaye zinamandla amakhulu ekwenzeni iibhetri. Isinyithi seManganese simhlophe njengesilivere, siqinile kwaye siyaphuka. Sisetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-deoxidizer, i-desulfurizer kunye ne-alloying element kwinkqubo yokwenza intsimbi. I-silicon-manganese alloy, i-medium-low carbon ferromanganese kunye ne-high-carbon ferromanganese zezona mveliso ziphambili zabathengi beManganese. Ukongeza, iManganese ikwasetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwezinto ze-ternary cathode kunye nezinto ze-lithium manganate cathode, eziziindawo zokusetyenziswa ezinokubakho okukhulu kokukhula kwixesha elizayo. I-Manganese ore isetyenziswa kakhulu nge-metallurgical manganese kunye ne-chemical manganese. 1) Ukunyuka: Ukwembiwa kwe-ore kunye nokugqoka. Iintlobo zeManganese ore ziquka i-manganese oxide ore, i-manganese carbonate ore, njl. 2) Ukucubungula phakathi: Ingahlulwa ibe ziindlela ezimbini eziphambili: indlela yobunjineli bekhemikhali kunye nendlela ye-metallurgical. Iimveliso ezifana ne-manganese dioxide, i-metallic manganese, i-ferromanganese kunye ne-silicomanganese zicutshungulwa ngokusebenzisa i-sulfuric acid leaching okanye ukunciphisa i-electric furnace. 3) Usetyenziso olusezantsi: Usetyenziso olusezantsi lugubungela ii-alloys zentsimbi, ii-cathodes zebhetri, ii-catalysts, amayeza kunye nezinye iindawo.
1.2 I-Manganese ore: izixhobo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ziqokelelene phesheya, kwaye iTshayina ixhomekeke ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe
Ii-ore ze-manganese zehlabathi ziqokelelene eMzantsi Afrika, eTshayina, eOstreliya naseBrazil, kwaye iindawo zokugcina i-manganese ore zaseTshayina zikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi. Izixhobo ze-manganese ore zehlabathi zininzi, kodwa azisasazwanga ngokulinganayo. Ngokwedatha yeWind, ukusukela ngoDisemba 2022, iindawo zokugcina i-manganese ore eziqinisekisiweyo kwihlabathi ziitoni ezili-1.7 zeebhiliyoni, ezingama-37.6% zazo ziseMzantsi Afrika, ezili-15.9% eBrazil, ezili-15.9% eOstreliya, kunye ne-8.2% eUkraine. Ngo-2022, iindawo zokugcina i-manganese ore zaseTshayina ziya kuba ziitoni ezingama-280 ezigidi, ezibalelwa kwi-16.5% yenani lilonke lehlabathi, kwaye iindawo zokugcina zayo ziya kuba kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi.
Amanqanaba emithombo ye-manganese ore yehlabathi ahluka kakhulu, kwaye imithombo esemgangathweni ophezulu iqokelelene phesheya kweelwandle. Ii-ore ezityebileyo zeManganese (eziqulethe ngaphezulu kwe-30% ye-manganese) ziqokelelene eMzantsi Afrika, eGabon, eOstreliya naseBrazil. Umgangatho we-manganese ore uphakathi kwe-40-50%, kwaye iindawo ezigciniweyo zingaphezulu kwe-70% yeendawo ezigciniweyo zehlabathi. I-China ne-Ukraine zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo ye-manganese ore ekumgangatho ophantsi. Ngokuyintloko, umxholo we-manganese ngokubanzi ungaphantsi kwe-30%, kwaye kufuneka ucutshungulwe ngaphambi kokuba usetyenziswe.
Abavelisi be-manganese ore abaphambili kwihlabathi liphela nguMzantsi Afrika, iGabon kunye ne-Australia, apho iChina ithatha i-6%. Ngokutsho komoya, imveliso ye-manganese ore yehlabathi ngo-2022 iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-20 ezigidi, ukwehla konyaka nge-0.5%, kunye namazwe aphesheya ethatha i-90%. Phakathi kwazo, imveliso yoMzantsi Afrika, iGabon kunye ne-Australia yi-7.2 yezigidi zeetoni, i-4.6 yezigidi zeetoni kunye ne-3.3 yezigidi zeetoni ngokwahlukeneyo. Imveliso ye-manganese ore yaseTshayina yi-990,000 yeetoni. Ithatha i-5% kuphela yemveliso yehlabathi.
Ukusasazwa kwe-manganese ore eTshayina akulunganga, ikakhulu kugxile eGuangxi, eGuizhou nakwezinye iindawo. Ngokutsho kwe-“Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues” (Ren Hui et al.), i-manganese ore zaseTshayina ikakhulu yi-manganese carbonate ores, enenani elincinci le-manganese oxide ores kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-ores. Ngokutsho kweSebe leMithombo yeNdalo, i-manganese ore reserve yaseTshayina ngo-2022 yi-280 yezigidi zeetoni. Ummandla one-manganese ore reserve ephezulu yiGuangxi, ene-120 yezigidi zeetoni, ebandakanya i-43% yeendawo zokugcina zelizwe; ilandelwa yiGuizhou, ene-50 yezigidi zeetoni, ebandakanya i-43% yeendawo zokugcina zelizwe. 18%.
Ii-manganese deposits zaseTshayina zincinci ngomlinganiselo kwaye zikumgangatho ophantsi. Zimbalwa iimayini ezinkulu ze-manganese eTshayina, kwaye uninzi lwazo zi-lean ores. Ngokutsho kwe-"Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), umgangatho ophakathi we-manganese ore eTshayina umalunga ne-22%, nto leyo ekumgangatho ophantsi. Akukho phantse i-manganese ores etyebileyo ehlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye i-lean ores ekumgangatho ophantsi ifuna ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela emva kokuphucula umgangatho ngokusebenzisa ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa.
Ukuxhomekeka kwe-manganese ore eTshayina kumalunga ne-95%. Ngenxa yomgangatho ophantsi wezixhobo ze-manganese ore zaseTshayina, ukungcola okuphezulu, iindleko eziphezulu zokwemba, kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lokhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo kwishishini lezemigodi, imveliso ye-manganese ore yaseTshayina iye yehla minyaka le. Ngokwedatha evela kwi-US Geological Survey, imveliso ye-manganese ore yaseTshayina iye yehla kwiminyaka eli-10 edlulileyo. Imveliso yehle kakhulu ukusuka ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2018 nango-2021. Imveliso yonyaka yangoku imalunga ne-1 yezigidi zeetoni. I-China ixhomekeke kakhulu ekungenisweni kwe-manganese ore, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwayo ngaphandle kube ngaphezulu kwe-95% kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo. Ngokwedatha ye-Wind, imveliso ye-manganese ore yaseTshayina iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-990,000 ngo-2022, ngelixa ukungeniswa kuya kufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-29.89 ezigidi, kunye nokuxhomekeka kokungeniswa kuya kuba phezulu kwi-96.8%.
1.3 I-electrolytic manganese: I-China ibandakanya i-98% yemveliso yehlabathi kwaye amandla emveliso agxininiswe
Imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yaseTshayina igxile kakhulu kumaphondo asembindini nasentshona. Imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yaseTshayina igxile kakhulu eNingxia, eGuangxi, eHunan naseGuizhou, ibandakanya i-31%, 21%, 20% kunye ne-12% ngokulandelelana. Ngokutsho kwe-Steel Industry, imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yaseTshayina ibandakanya i-98% yemveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yehlabathi kwaye ngumvelisi omkhulu we-electrolytic manganese ehlabathini.
Ishishini le-electrolytic manganese laseTshayina linomthamo omkhulu wemveliso, apho umthamo wemveliso weNingxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry ufikelela kwi-33% yenani lilonke lelizwe. Ngokutsho kweBaichuan Yingfu, ukusukela ngoJuni 2023, umthamo wemveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yaseTshayina ufikelele kwi-2.455 yezigidi zeetoni. Iinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu yiNingxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry, iSouthern Manganese Group, iTianxiong Technology, njl.njl., enomthamo wemveliso ufikelela kwi-1.71 yezigidi zeetoni, nto leyo ethetha umthamo wemveliso uphela welizwe ngama-70%. Phakathi kwazo, iNingxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry inomthamo wemveliso wonyaka weetoni ezingama-800,000, nto leyo ethetha i-33% yenani lilonke lemveliso yelizwe.
Ichatshazelwe yimigaqo-nkqubo yemizi-mveliso kunye nokunqongophala kwamandla,i-electrolytic manganeseImveliso iye yehla kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokwaziswa kwenjongo ye-"double carbon" yaseTshayina, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo iye yaba ngqongqo, isantya sokuphucula amashishini siye sanda, amandla okuvelisa abuyela umva asusiwe, amandla amatsha okuvelisa alawulwa ngokungqongqo, kwaye izinto ezifana nemida yamandla kwezinye iindawo ziye zanciphisa imveliso, imveliso ngo-2021 yehlile. NgoJulayi 2022, iKomiti eKhethekileyo yeManganese ye-China Ferroalloy Industry Association ikhuphe isindululo sokunciphisa nokunciphisa imveliso ngaphezulu kwama-60%. Ngo-2022, imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese yaseTshayina yehla yaya kwiitoni ezingama-852,000 (yoy-34.7%). Ngo-Okthobha 22, iKomiti eSebenzayo ye-Electrolytic Manganese Metal Innovation ye-China Mining Association iphakamise injongo yokumisa yonke imveliso ngoJanuwari 2023 kunye nama-50% emveliso ukusuka ngoFebruwari ukuya kuDisemba. Ngomhla wama-22 kweyeNkanga, iKomiti yoShishino lweMigodi ye-Electrolytic Manganese Metal ye-China Mining Association icebise ukuba amashishini aza kuqhubeka nokumisa imveliso nokuphucula, aze aququzelele imveliso kwi-60% yamandla emveliso. Silindele ukuba imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese ayizukunyuka kakhulu ngo-2023.
Izinga lokusebenza lihlala limalunga nama-50%, kwaye izinga lokusebenza liza kutshintshatshintsha kakhulu ngo-2022. Ngenxa yesicwangciso somanyano ngo-2022, izinga lokusebenza kweenkampani ze-electrolytic manganese zaseTshayina liza kutshintshatshintsha kakhulu, kunye nezinga lokusebenza eliqhelekileyo lonyaka lingama-33.5%. Ukumiswa nokuphuculwa kwemveliso kwenziwe kwikota yokuqala ka-2022, kwaye amazinga okusebenza ngoFebruwari nangoMatshi ayeyi-7% kunye ne-10.5% kuphela. Emva kokuba i-alliance ibambe intlanganiso ekupheleni kukaJulayi, iifektri ezikwi-alliance zanciphisa okanye zamisa imveliso, kwaye amazinga okusebenza ngo-Agasti, Septemba nango-Okthobha ayengaphantsi kwama-30%.
1.4 I-Manganese dioxide: Iqhutywa yi-lithium manganate, ukukhula kwemveliso kuyakhawuleza kwaye amandla emveliso aqinisiwe.
Iqhutywa yimfuno yezinto ze-lithium manganate, iTshayinai-electrolytic manganese dioxideImveliso inyuke kakhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iqhutywa yimfuno yezinto ze-lithium manganate, imfuno ye-lithium manganate electrolytic manganese dioxide inyuke kakhulu, kwaye imveliso yaseTshayina inyuke kamva. Ngokutsho kwe-“A Short Overview of Global Manganese Ore and China's Manganese Product Production in 2020″ (Qin Deliang), imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide yaseTshayina ngo-2020 yayiziitoni ezingama-351,000, ukunyuka konyaka nge-14.3%. Ngo-2022, ezinye iinkampani ziya kuyimisa imveliso ngenxa yokugcinwa kwayo, kwaye imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide iya kuncipha. Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-Shanghai Nonferrous Metal Network, imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide yaseTshayina ngo-2022 iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-268,000.
Umthamo wemveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide eTshayina ugxile eGuangxi, eHunan naseGuizhou. ITshayina yeyona mveliso inkulu kwihlabathi ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide. Ngokutsho kweHuajing Industrial Research Institute, imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide eTshayina imalunga ne-73% yemveliso yehlabathi ngo-2018. Imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide eTshayina igxile kakhulu eGuangxi, eHunan naseGuizhou, kwaye imveliso yeGuangxi ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokutsho kweHuajing Industrial Research Institute, imveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide eGuangxi ibangele i-74.4% yemveliso yesizwe ngo-2020.
1.5 I-Manganese sulfate: ixhamla kumthamo webhetri owandisiweyo kunye nomthamo wemveliso oqinileyo
Imveliso ye-manganese sulfate yaseTshayina imalunga ne-66% yemveliso yehlabathi, kwaye amandla emveliso agxile eGuangxi. Ngokutsho kwe-QYResearch, iTshayina yeyona mveliso inkulu kunye nomthengi we-manganese sulfate. Ngo-2021, imveliso ye-manganese sulfate yaseTshayina imalunga ne-66% yexabiso lehlabathi; ukuthengiswa kwe-manganese sulfate yehlabathi ngo-2021 bekumalunga ne-550,000 yeetoni, apho i-manganese sulfate ye-battery-grade imalunga ne-41%. Ukuthengiswa kwe-manganese sulfate yehlabathi kulindeleke ukuba ibe yi-1.54 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2027, apho i-manganese sulfate ye-battery-grade imalunga ne-73%. Ngokutsho kwe-“A Short Overview of Global Manganese Ore kunye neMveliso yeManganese yaseTshayina ngo-2020″ (Qin Deliang), imveliso ye-manganese sulfate yaseTshayina ngo-2020 yayiziitoni ezingama-479,000, ikakhulu zigxile eGuangxi, zimalunga ne-31.7%.
Ngokutsho kukaBaichuan Yingfu, amandla okuvelisa i-manganese sulfate yonyaka eTshayina ecocekileyo kakhulu iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-500,000 ngo-2022. Amandla okuvelisa axineneyo, i-CR3 yi-60%, kwaye imveliso yi-278,000 yeetoni. Kulindeleke ukuba amandla okuvelisa amatsha abe ziitoni ezingama-310,000 (iTianyuan Manganese Industry ziitoni ezingama-300,000 + iitoni ezingama-10,000 zeNanhai Chemical).
2. Imfuno ye-manganese: Inkqubo yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso iyanda, kwaye igalelo lezinto ze-cathode ezisekwe kwi-manganese liyanda.
2.1 Imfuno yemveli: 90% yintsimbi, kulindeleke ukuba ihlale izinzile
Ishishini lentsimbi libandakanya i-90% yemfuno ephantsi ye-manganese ore, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kuyanda. Ngokwe-“IMnI EPD Conference Annual Report (2022)”, i-manganese ore isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lentsimbi, ngaphezulu kwe-90% ye-manganese ore isetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-silicon-manganese alloy kunye ne-manganese ferroalloy, kwaye i-manganese ore eseleyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ye-electrolytic manganese dioxide kunye ne-manganese sulfate kwezinye iimveliso. Ngokutsho kweBaichuan Yingfu, amashishini asezantsi e-manganese ore zii-manganese alloys, i-electrolytic manganese, kunye nee-manganese compounds. Phakathi kwazo, i-60%-80% ye-manganese ores isetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-manganese alloys (zentsimbi kunye ne-casting, njl.njl.), kwaye i-20% ye-manganese ores isetyenziswa kwimveliso. I-electrolytic manganese (esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, ii-alloys, njl.njl.), i-5-10% isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii-manganese compounds (esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ze-ternary, izinto ze-magnetic, njl.njl.)
IManganese yentsimbi ekrwada: Imfuno yehlabathi kulindeleke ukuba ibe ziitoni ezingama-20.66 ezigidi kwiminyaka engama-25. Ngokutsho kwe-International Manganese Association, i-manganese isetyenziswa njenge-desulfurizer kunye ne-alloy additive ngendlela ye-high-carbon, medium-carbon okanye low-carbon iron-manganese kunye ne-silicon-manganese ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa intsimbi ekrwada. Ingathintela i-oxidation egqithisileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca kwaye iphephe ukuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka. Yonyusa amandla, ukuqina, ubulukhuni kunye nokukwazi ukwakheka kwentsimbi. Umxholo we-manganese wentsimbi ekhethekileyo uphezulu kunowentsimbi yekhabhoni. Umyinge we-manganese wehlabathi wentsimbi ekrwada kulindeleke ukuba ube yi-1.1%. Ukususela ngo-2021, iKhomishini yoPhuhliso lweSizwe kunye noHlaziyo kunye namanye amasebe aza kwenza umsebenzi wokunciphisa imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yesizwe, kwaye aza kuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi wokunciphisa imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ngo-2022, ngeziphumo ezimangalisayo. Ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2022, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yesizwe iya kwehla ukusuka kwi-1.065 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni ukuya kwi-1.013 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Kulindeleke ukuba kwixesha elizayo imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza eTshayina nehlabathi ayitshintshi.
2.2 Imfuno yebhetri: igalelo elongezelelekileyo lezinto ze-cathode ezisekelwe kwi-manganese
Iibhetri zeLithium manganese oxide zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike yedijithali, kwimarike yamandla amancinci nakwimarike yeemoto zabakhweli. Zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo okuphezulu kwaye zibiza kancinci, kodwa zinobunzima obuphantsi bamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwebhayisekile. Ngokutsho kweXinchen Information, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ze-lithium manganate cathode eTshayina ukusuka ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2021 bekuyi-7.5/9.1/102,000 yeetoni ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye neetoni ezingama-66,000 ngo-2022. Oku kungenxa yokuhla koqoqosho eTshayina ngo-2022 kunye nokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwamaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza ze-lithium carbonate. Amaxabiso anyukayo kunye nolindelo lokusetyenziswa kancinci.
IManganese yee-cathodes zebhetri ye-lithium: Imfuno yehlabathi kulindeleke ukuba ibe ziitoni ezingama-229,000 ngo-2025, ezilingana neetoni ezingama-216,000 ze-manganese dioxide kunye neetoni ezingama-284,000 ze-manganese sulfate. IManganese esetyenziswa njengezinto ze-cathode kwiibhetri ze-lithium yahlulwe ngokubanzi yaba yi-manganese kwiibhetri ze-ternary kunye ne-manganese kwiibhetri ze-lithium manganate. Ngokukhula kokuthunyelwa kwebhetri ye-ternary kwixesha elizayo, siqikelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-manganese kwihlabathi liphela kwiibhetri ze-ternary kuya kwanda ukusuka kwi-61,000 ukuya kwi-61,000 kwi-22-25. Iitoni zanda ukuya kwi-92,000 yeetoni, kwaye imfuno efanayo ye-manganese sulfate yanda ukusuka kwi-186,000 yeetoni ukuya kwi-284,000 yeetoni (umthombo we-manganese wezinto ze-cathode zebhetri ye-ternary yi-manganese sulfate); iqhutywa kukukhula kwemfuno yezithuthi zombane ezinamavili amabini, ngokutsho kweXinchen Information kunye neBoshi. Ngokutsho kweprospekthasi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kulindeleke ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-lithium manganate cathode yehlabathi kube ziitoni ezingama-224,000 kwiminyaka engama-25, okuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-manganese kweetoni ezili-136,000, kunye nemfuno ye-manganese dioxide ehambelanayo yeetoni ezingama-216,000 (umthombo we-manganese wezinto ze-lithium manganate cathode yi-manganese dioxide).
Imithombo yeManganese inezibonelelo zezixhobo ezityebileyo, amaxabiso aphantsi, kunye neefestile ze-voltage ephezulu zezinto ezisekwe kwiManganese. Njengoko ubuchwepheshe buqhubela phambili kwaye inkqubo yayo yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso ikhawuleza, iifektri zebhetri ezifana neTesla, BYD, CATL, kunye neGuoxuan High-tech ziqalile ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-cathode ezisekwe kwiManganese. Imveliso.
Inkqubo yophuhliso lwe-lithium iron manganese phosphate kulindeleke ukuba ikhawuleziswe. 1) Ukudibanisa iingenelo ze-lithium iron phosphate kunye neebhetri ze-ternary, inokhuseleko kunye noxinano lwamandla. Ngokutsho kweShanghai Nonferrous Network, i-lithium iron manganese phosphate yinguqulelo ephuculweyo ye-lithium iron phosphate. Ukongeza i-manganese element kunokunyusa i-voltage yebhetri. Uxinano lwayo lwamandla olusekelwe kwithiyori luphezulu nge-15% kunolwe-lithium iron phosphate, kwaye lunozinzo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Itoni enye ye-iron manganese phosphate Umxholo we-lithium manganese yi-13%. 2) Inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe: Ngenxa yokongezwa kwe-manganese element, iibhetri ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate zineengxaki ezifana nokuqhuba kakubi kunye nobomi bomjikelo obuncitshisiweyo, obunokuphuculwa nge-particle nanotechnology, uyilo lwe-morphology, i-ion doping kunye nokwambathiswa komphezulu. 3) Ukukhawuleziswa kwenkqubo yezimboni: Iinkampani zebhetri ezifana ne-CATL, i-China Innovation Aviation, i-Guoxuan Hi-Tech, i-Sunwoda, njl. zonke zivelise iibhetri ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate; iinkampani ze-cathode ezifana neDefang Nano, iRongbai Technology, iDangsheng Technology, njl. Uyilo lwezinto ze-cathode ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate; inkampani yeemoto iNiu GOVAF0 series izithuthi zombane zixhotyiswe ngeebhetri ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate, i-NIO iqalile ukuvelisa iibhetri ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate eHefei ngomlinganiselo omncinci, kwaye iFudi Battery yeBYD iqalile ukuthenga i-lithium iron manganese phosphate Izixhobo: I-facelift yasekhaya yeTesla yeModel 3 isebenzisa ibhetri entsha ye-CATL ye-M3P lithium iron phosphate.
I-Manganese ye-lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode: Phantsi kweengcamango ezingathathi cala nezinethemba, imfuno yehlabathi ye-lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode kulindeleke ukuba ibe ziitoni ezingama-268,000/358,000 kwiminyaka engama-25, kwaye imfuno efanayo ye-manganese yi-35,000/47,000 yeetoni.
Ngokwesibikezelo seGaogong Lithium Battery, ngo-2025, izinga lokungena kwimarike kwezinto ze-cathode ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate liya kudlula i-15% xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ze-lithium iron phosphate. Ke ngoko, xa sicinga ngeemeko ezingathathi cala nezinethemba, amazinga okungena kwi-lithium iron manganese phosphate kwiminyaka engama-23-25 ngokulandelanayo yi-4%/9%/15%, 5%/11%/20%. Imarike yezithuthi ezinamavili amabini: Silindele ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium iron manganese phosphate zikhawulezise ukungena kwimarike yezithuthi zombane zaseTshayina ezinamavili amabini. Amazwe aphesheya kwezilwandle akayi kuqwalaselwa ngenxa yokungakhathali kweendleko kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zoxinano lwamandla. Kulindeleke ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi cala nezinethemba kwiminyaka engama-25, i-lithium iron manganese phosphate iya kuba yi-1.1/15,000 yeetoni, kwaye imfuno ehambelanayo ye-manganese yi-0.1/0.2 yezigidi zeetoni. Imarike yezithuthi zombane: Ukuba i-lithium iron manganese phosphate ithatha indawo ye-lithium iron phosphate ngokupheleleyo kwaye isetyenziswa kunye neebhetri ze-ternary (ngokwenani leemveliso ezinxulumene neRongbai Technology, sicinga ukuba umlinganiselo we-doping yi-10%), kulindeleke ukuba ingathathi cala kwaye Phantsi kweemeko ezintle, imfuno ye-lithium iron manganese phosphate cathodes yi-257,000/343,000 yeetoni, kwaye imfuno ye-manganese ehambelanayo yi-33,000/45,000 yeetoni.
Okwangoku, amaxabiso e-manganese ore, i-manganese sulfate, kunye ne-electrolytic manganese akwinqanaba eliphantsi kwimbali, kwaye ixabiso le-manganese dioxide likwinqanaba eliphezulu kwimbali. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yokulawulwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla amabini kunye nokunqongophala kwamandla, intlangano iye yamisa imveliso ngokudibeneyo, ukunikezelwa kwe-electrolytic manganese kwehle, kwaye amaxabiso anyuke kakhulu, nto leyo eqhubela phambili amaxabiso e-manganese ore, i-manganese sulfate, kunye ne-electrolytic manganese ukuba anyuke. Emva ko-2022, imfuno ephantsi iye yaba buthathaka, kwaye ixabiso le-electrolytic manganese liye lehla, ngelixa ixabiso le-electrolytic manganese dioxide liye lehla. Kwi-manganese, i-manganese sulfate, njl.njl., ngenxa yokuqhubeka kokukhula kweebhetri ze-lithium ezisezantsi, ukulungiswa kwamaxabiso akubalulekile. Ngexesha elide, imfuno ephantsi ikakhulu ye-manganese sulfate kunye ne-manganese dioxide kwiibhetri. Ukuzuza kumthamo owandisiweyo wezinto ze-cathode ezisekwe kwi-manganese, iziko lexabiso kulindeleke ukuba linyuke.