Me ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pila ikehu hou e like me nā pila lithium manganate, ua huki nui ʻia ka manaʻo o kā lākou mau mea maikaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manganese. Ma muli o ka ʻikepili pili, ua hōʻuluʻulu ka ʻoihana noiʻi mākeke o UrbanMines Tech. Co., Ltd. i ke kūlana hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana manganese o Kina no ka ʻike o kā mākou mea kūʻai aku.
1. Ka lako manganese: Hilinaʻi ka hopena o ka ore i nā mea i lawe ʻia mai, a ua nui loa ka mana hana o nā huahana i hana ʻia.
1.1 Kaula ʻoihana manganese
He nui nā ʻano huahana manganese, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana kila, a he nui ka hiki ke hana i ka hana pila. He keʻokeʻo kālā keʻokeʻo o ka metala manganese, paʻakikī a palupalu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he deoxidizer, desulfurizer a me ka mea hoʻohuihui i ke kaʻina hana kila. ʻO ka hui Silicon-manganese, ka ferromanganese kalapona haʻahaʻa-waena a me ka ferromanganese kalapona kiʻekiʻe nā huahana mea kūʻai nui o ka manganese. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka manganese i ka hana ʻana i nā mea cathode ternary a me nā mea lithium manganate cathode, ʻo ia nā wahi noi me ka hiki ke ulu nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ore manganese ma o ka manganese metallurgical a me ka manganese kemika. 1) Upstream: Ke eli ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ore. ʻO nā ʻano ore manganese e komo pū me ka manganese oxide ore, manganese carbonate ore, etc. 2) Ka hana ʻana ma waena: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau kuhikuhi nui: ke ʻano ʻenekinia kemika a me ke ʻano metallurgical. Hana ʻia nā huahana e like me ka manganese dioxide, metallic manganese, ferromanganese a me silicomanganese ma o ka leaching sulfuric acid a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka umu uila. 3) Nā noi iho: Uhi nā noi iho i nā mea kila kila, nā cathodes pila, nā mea hoʻoulu, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mahina ʻē aʻe.
1.2 ʻO ka manganese ore: ua hoʻonui ʻia nā kumuwaiwai kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻāina ʻē, a hilinaʻi ʻo Kina i nā mea i lawe ʻia mai
Ua hoʻākoakoa ʻia nā ʻāpana manganese honua ma ʻApelika Hema, Kina, ʻAukekulelia a me Palakila, a ʻo nā waihona manganese ore o Kina ka lua ma ka honua. Nui nā kumuwaiwai manganese ore o ka honua, akā ua hoʻolaha like ʻole ʻia. Wahi a ka ʻikepili Wind, e like me Dekemaba 2022, ʻo ka nui o nā waihona manganese ore i hōʻoia ʻia o ka honua he 1.7 biliona tone, 37.6% o ia mau mea aia ma ʻApelika Hema, 15.9% ma Palakila, 15.9% ma ʻAukekulelia, a me 8.2% ma Ukraine. I ka makahiki 2022, ʻo ka nui o nā waihona manganese ore o Kina he 280 miliona tone, ʻo ia hoʻi he 16.5% o ka huina o ka honua, a ʻo kāna mau waihona e lua ma ka honua.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻano o nā kumuwaiwai manganese honua, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kumuwaiwai kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā oka waiwai manganese (ʻoi aku ma mua o 30% manganese) ma ʻApelika Hema, Gabon, Australia a me Brazil. ʻO ke ʻano o ka manganese ore ma waena o 40-50%, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waihona ma mua o 70% o nā waihona o ka honua. Hilinaʻi nui ʻo Kina a me Ukraine i nā kumuwaiwai manganese haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manganese ma mua o 30%, a pono e hana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻO ʻApelika Hema, Gabon a me Australia nā mea hana manganese ore nui o ka honua, me Kina e helu ana no 6%. Wahi a ka makani, ʻo ka hana manganese ore honua i ka makahiki 2022 he 20 miliona tons, he emi makahiki-ma-makahiki o 0.5%, me nā helu o nā ʻāina ʻē ma mua o 90%. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hana o ʻApelika Hema, Gabon a me Australia he 7.2 miliona, 4.6 miliona a me 3.3 miliona tons. ʻO ka hana manganese ore a Kina he 990,000 tons. He 5% wale nō ia o ka hana honua.
ʻAʻole like ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka manganese ore ma Kina, ʻoi aku ka nui ma Guangxi, Guizhou a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Wahi a "Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), ʻo nā manganese ores o Kina he manganese carbonate ores nui, me nā liʻiliʻi o nā manganese oxide ores a me nā ʻano ores ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ke Kuhina o nā Kumuwaiwai Kūlohelohe, ʻo ka nui o nā waiwai manganese ore o Kina i ka makahiki 2022 he 280 miliona tons. ʻO ka ʻāina me nā waiwai manganese ore kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo Guangxi, me nā waiwai o 120 miliona tons, e helu ana i 43% o nā waiwai o ka ʻāina; ukali ʻia e Guizhou, me nā waiwai o 50 miliona tons, e helu ana i 43% o nā waiwai o ka ʻāina. 18%.
He liʻiliʻi nā waihona manganese o Kina i ke anawaena a he haʻahaʻa ke ʻano. He kakaikahi nā lua manganese nui ma Kina, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau ʻōpae lean. Wahi a "Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), ʻo ka awelika o ka ʻōpae manganese ma Kina ma kahi o 22%, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano haʻahaʻa. ʻAneʻane ʻaʻohe ʻōpae manganese momona e kū ana i nā kūlana honua, a ʻo nā ʻōpae lean haʻahaʻa e pono ai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano ma o ka hana ʻana i nā minerala.
ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana o Kina i ka lawe ʻana mai o ka manganese ore ma kahi o 95%. Ma muli o ke kūlana haʻahaʻa o nā kumuwaiwai manganese ore o Kina, nā haumia kiʻekiʻe, nā kumukūʻai mining kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kaohi palekana a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni i ka ʻoihana mining, ua emi iho ka hana manganese ore o Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka US Geological Survey, ua emi iho ka hana manganese ore o Kina i nā makahiki 10 i hala. Ua emi nui ka hana ʻana mai 2016 a i 2018 a me 2021. ʻO ka hana makahiki o kēia manawa ma kahi o 1 miliona tons. Hilinaʻi nui ʻo Kina i nā lawe ʻana mai o ka manganese ore, a ʻoi aku kona hilinaʻi waho ma mua o 95% i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala. Wahi a ka ʻikepili Wind, ʻo ka hana manganese ore a Kina he 990,000 tons i ka makahiki 2022, ʻoiai e hiki aku nā lawe mai i 29.89 miliona tons, me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka lawe mai e like me 96.8%.
1.3 Manganese electrolytic: ʻO Kina ka helu no 98% o ka hana honua a ua hoʻopili ʻia ka mana hana
Ua kau nui ʻia ka hana manganese electrolytic a Kina ma nā panalāʻau waena a me ke komohana. ʻO ka hana manganese electrolytic a Kina ua kau nui ʻia ma Ningxia, Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou, e helu ana no 31%, 21%, 20% a me 12%. Wahi a ka ʻOihana kila, ʻo ka hana manganese electrolytic a Kina no 98% o ka hana manganese electrolytic honua a ʻo ia ka mea hana manganese electrolytic nui loa o ka honua.
Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka mana hana o ka ʻoihana manganese electrolytic o Kina, me ka mana hana o Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry no 33% o ka huina o ka ʻāina. Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, i Iune 2023, ua hōʻea ka nui o ka mana hana manganese electrolytic o Kina i 2.455 miliona tons. ʻO nā ʻoihana he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry, Southern Manganese Group, Tianxiong Technology, etc., me ka huina o ka mana hana o 1.71 miliona tons, e hōʻike ana i ka huina o ka mana hana o ka ʻāina he 70%. I waena o lākou, he 800,000 tons ka mana hana makahiki o Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry, e hōʻike ana i 33% o ka huina o ka mana hana o ka ʻāina.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kulekele ʻoihana a me ka nele o ka mana,manganese electrolyticUa emi iho ka hana ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka pahuhopu "kalapona pālua" a Kina, ua lilo nā kulekele palekana kaiapuni i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ua wikiwiki ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hiki ke hana i hope, ua kāohi pono ʻia ka hiki ke hana hou, a ʻo nā mea e like me nā kapu mana ma kekahi mau wahi i kaupalena i ka hana ʻana, ua hāʻule ka hana ma 2021. I Iulai 2022, ua hoʻopuka ke Kōmike Kūikawā Manganese o ka Hui ʻOihana Ferroalloy Kina i kahi manaʻo e kaupalena a hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana ma mua o 60%. I ka makahiki 2022, ua hāʻule ka hana manganese electrolytic a Kina i 852,000 tons (yoy-34.7%). I ʻOkakopa 22, ua hāpai ke Kōmike Hana Hana Hou Metal Manganese Electrolytic o ka Hui Mining Kina i ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻōki ʻana i nā hana āpau i Ianuali 2023 a me 50% o ka hana ʻana mai Pepeluali a Dekemaba. I Nowemapa 22, ua ʻōlelo ke Kōmike Hana Hou Metal Manganese Electrolytic o ka Hui Mining Kina e hoʻomau nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana, a hoʻonohonoho i ka hana ma 60% o ka hiki ke hana. Manaʻo mākou ʻaʻole e piʻi nui ka hana manganese electrolytic i ka makahiki 2023.
Ke noho nei ka nui o ka hana ma kahi o 50%, a e loli nui ka nui o ka hana i ka makahiki 2022. Ma muli o ka hoʻolālā hui ma 2022, e loli nui ka nui o ka hana o nā ʻoihana manganese electrolytic o Kina, me ka awelika o ka hana no ka makahiki he 33.5%. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻōki ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana i ka hapaha mua o 2022, a ʻo nā nui o ka hana i Pepeluali a me Malaki he 7% a me 10.5% wale nō. Ma hope o ka hālāwai ʻana o ka hui ma ka hopena o Iulai, ua hoʻemi a hoʻōki paha nā hale hana i ka hana ʻana, a ʻo nā nui o ka hana i ʻAukake, Kepakemapa a me ʻOkakopa ua emi ma mua o 30%.
1.4 Manganese dioxide: Hoʻokele ʻia e ka lithium manganate, wikiwiki ka ulu ʻana o ka hana a ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ka hiki ke hana.
Hoʻokele ʻia e ke koi no nā mea lithium manganate, ʻo Kinamanganese dioxide electrolyticUa piʻi nui ka hana ʻana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, i hoʻokele ʻia e ke koi no nā mea lithium manganate, ua piʻi nui ke koi no ka lithium manganate electrolytic manganese dioxide, a ua piʻi aʻe ka hana ʻana o Kina ma hope. Wahi a "A Brief Overview of Global Manganese Ore and China's Manganese Product Production in 2020" (Qin Deliang), ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic a Kina i ka makahiki 2020 he 351,000 tons, he piʻi makahiki-ma-makahiki o 14.3%. I ka makahiki 2022, e hoʻōki kekahi mau ʻoihana i ka hana no ka mālama ʻana, a e emi iho ka hana o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai Shanghai Nonferrous Metal Network, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic a Kina i ka makahiki 2022 he 268,000 tons.
Ua kau nui ʻia ka mana hana manganese dioxide electrolytic o Kina ma Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou. ʻO Kina ka mea hana nui loa o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic ma ka honua. Wahi a ka Huajing Industrial Research Institute, ua helu ʻia ka hana manganese dioxide electrolytic a Kina ma kahi o 73% o ka hana honua i ka makahiki 2018. Ua kau nui ʻia ka hana manganese dioxide electrolytic a Kina ma Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou, me ka hana ʻana o Guangxi e helu ana i ka hapa nui loa. Wahi a ka Huajing Industrial Research Institute, ua helu ʻia ka hana manganese dioxide electrolytic a Guangxi no 74.4% o ka hana aupuni i ka makahiki 2020.
1.5 Manganese sulfate: e pōmaikaʻi ana mai ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mana o ka pila a me ka mana hana i hoʻoikaika ʻia
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate ma Kina ma kahi o 66% o ka hana ʻana o ka honua, me ka mana hana i kau ʻia ma Guangxi. Wahi a QYResearch, ʻo Kina ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua a me ka mea kūʻai aku o ka manganese sulfate. I ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate ma Kina ma kahi o 66% o ka huina o ka honua; ʻo ka huina o nā kūʻai aku manganese sulfate honua i ka makahiki 2021 ma kahi o 550,000 tons, a ʻo ka manganese sulfate papa pākahiko ma kahi o 41%. Manaʻo ʻia ka huina o nā kūʻai aku manganese sulfate honua he 1.54 miliona tons i ka makahiki 2027, a ʻo ka manganese sulfate papa pākahiko ma kahi o 73%. Wahi a "A Brief Overview of Global Manganese Ore and China's Manganese Product Production in 2020" (Qin Deliang), ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate a Kina i ka makahiki 2020 he 479,000 tons, i kau nui ʻia ma Guangxi, e helu ana no 31.7%.
Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, ʻo ka mana hana makahiki o Kina no ka manganese sulfate maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe he 500,000 tons i ka makahiki 2022. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mana hana, ʻo CR3 he 60%, a ʻo ka hopena he 278,000 tons. Manaʻo ʻia he 310,000 tons ka mana hana hou (Tianyuan Manganese Industry 300,000 tons + Nanhai Chemical 10,000 tons).
2. Koi no ka manganese: Ke wikiwiki nei ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana, a ke piʻi nei ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā mea cathode i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manganese.
2.1 Koi kuʻuna: 90% he kila, manaʻo ʻia e noho paʻa
ʻO ka ʻoihana kila ka mea e hoʻohana ai i 90% o ke koi ma lalo no ka manganese ore, a ke hoʻonui nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pila lithium-ion. Wahi a ka "IMnI EPD Conference Annual Report (2022)", hoʻohana nui ʻia ka manganese ore i ka ʻoihana kila, ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o ka manganese ore i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka silicon-manganese alloy a me ka manganese ferroalloy, a ʻo ke koena o ka manganese ore i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana electrolytic manganese dioxide a me ka manganese sulfate o nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, ʻo nā ʻoihana ma lalo o ka manganese ore he mau manganese alloys, electrolytic manganese, a me nā manganese compounds. I waena o lākou, 60%-80% o nā manganese ore e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā manganese alloys (no ke kila a me ka hoʻolei ʻana, a pēlā aku), a 20% o nā manganese ore e hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana. Manganese electrolytic (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ke kila kila, nā alloys, a pēlā aku), 5-10% e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā manganese compounds (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea ternary, nā mea magnetic, a pēlā aku)
Manganese no ke kila maka: Manaʻo ʻia ka noi honua he 20.66 miliona tons i loko o 25 mau makahiki. Wahi a ka International Manganese Association, hoʻohana ʻia ka manganese ma ke ʻano he desulfurizer a me ka mea hoʻohui alloy ma ke ʻano o ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe, kalapona waena a i ʻole ke kalapona haʻahaʻa iron-manganese a me silicon-manganese i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana o ke kila maka. Hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka oxidation nui i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a pale i ka haki a me ka brittleness. Hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī a me ke ʻano o ke kila. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manganese o ke kila kūikawā ma mua o ke kila kalapona. Manaʻo ʻia ka awelika o ka manganese o ke kila maka he 1.1%. Mai ka makahiki 2021, e hoʻokō ka National Development and Reform Commission a me nā keʻena ʻē aʻe i ka hana hōʻemi hana kila maka aupuni, a e hoʻomau i ka hana hōʻemi hana kila maka i ka makahiki 2022, me nā hopena kupaianaha. Mai ka makahiki 2020 a i ka makahiki 2022, e hāʻule ka hana kila maka aupuni mai 1.065 biliona tons a i 1.013 biliona tons. Ua manaʻo ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana e loli mau ana ka hana kila maka o Kina a me ke ao nei.
2.2 Ke koi ʻana o ka pila: ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā mea cathode manganese
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pila lithium manganese oxide ma ka mākeke kikohoʻe, ka mākeke mana liʻiliʻi a me ka mākeke kaʻa ohua. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hana palekana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, akā he haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka ikehu a me ka hana pōʻaiapuni. Wahi a Xinchen Information, ʻo ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā mea lithium manganate cathode a Kina mai 2019 a 2021 he 7.5/9.1/102,000 tons, a me 66,000 tons i ka makahiki 2022. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Kina i ka makahiki 2022 a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka lithium carbonate maka o luna. Ke piʻi nei nā kumukūʻai a me ka lohi o nā manaʻolana hoʻohana.
Manganese no nā cathodes pākahiko lithium: Manaʻo ʻia ke koi honua he 229,000 tons i ka makahiki 2025, e like me 216,000 tons o ka manganese dioxide a me 284,000 tons o ka manganese sulfate. ʻO ka manganese i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea cathode no nā pākahiko lithium ua māhele nui ʻia i ka manganese no nā pākahiko ternary a me ka manganese no nā pākahiko lithium manganate. Me ka ulu ʻana o nā hoʻouna pākahiko ternary mana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ke manaʻo nei mākou e piʻi aʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka manganese honua no nā pākahiko ternary mana mai 61,000 a i 61,000 i ka makahiki 22-25. ua piʻi aʻe nā tons i 92,000 tons, a ua piʻi aʻe ke koi like no ka manganese sulfate mai 186,000 tons a i 284,000 tons (ʻo ke kumu manganese o ka mea cathode o ka pākahiko ternary ʻo ia ka manganese sulfate); i hoʻokele ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o ke koi no nā kaʻa uila ʻelua huila, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Xinchen Information lāua ʻo Boshi. Wahi a ka prospectus ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻouna lithium manganate cathode honua he 224,000 tons i loko o 25 mau makahiki, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka manganese o 136,000 tons, a me ke koi manganese dioxide e like me 216,000 tons (ʻo ke kumu manganese o ka mea lithium manganate cathode ʻo ia ka manganese dioxide).
Loaʻa i nā kumu manganese nā pono o nā kumuwaiwai waiwai, nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me nā puka makani uila kiʻekiʻe o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manganese. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana a me ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana, ua hoʻomaka nā hale hana pila e like me Tesla, BYD, CATL, a me Guoxuan High-tech e hoʻolaha i nā mea cathode manganese e pili ana. Hana ʻana.
Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻolalelale ʻia ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana o ka lithium iron manganese phosphate. 1) Ke hoʻohui nei i nā pono o ka lithium iron phosphate a me nā pila ternary, loaʻa iā ia ka palekana a me ka ikehu. Wahi a Shanghai Nonferrous Network, ʻo ka lithium iron manganese phosphate kahi mana i hoʻonui ʻia o ka lithium iron phosphate. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea manganese hiki ke hoʻonui i ka volta o ka pila. ʻO kona ikehu theoretical he 15% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka lithium iron phosphate, a he paʻa kona mea. Hoʻokahi tona o ka hao manganese phosphate ʻO ka ʻike lithium manganese he 13%. 2) Holomua ʻenehana: Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea manganese, loaʻa i nā pila lithium iron manganese phosphate nā pilikia e like me ka conductivity maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke ola pōʻaiapuni, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma o ka nanotechnology particle, ka hoʻolālā morphology, ka doping ion a me ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili. 3) Hoʻolalelale i ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana: ʻO nā hui pila e like me CATL, China Innovation Aviation, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Sunwoda, etc. ua hana i nā pila lithium iron manganese phosphate; nā hui cathode e like me Defang Nano, Rongbai Technology, Dangsheng Technology, etc. Hoʻonohonoho o nā mea lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode; Ua lako nā kaʻa uila o ka hui kaʻa ʻo Niu GOVAF0 series me nā pila lithium iron manganese phosphate, ua hoʻomaka ʻo NIO i ka hana liʻiliʻi o nā pila lithium iron manganese phosphate ma Hefei, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo BYD's Fudi Battery e kūʻai i ka lithium iron manganese phosphate Nā Mea Hana: Hoʻohana ka Model 3 facelift kūloko o Tesla i ka pila lithium iron phosphate M3P hou a CATL.
Manganese no ka lithium hao manganese phosphate cathode: Ma lalo o nā kuhiakau kūlike a me ka manaʻolana, manaʻo ʻia ke koi honua no ka lithium hao manganese phosphate cathode he 268,000/358,000 tons i loko o 25 mau makahiki, a ʻo ke koi manganese e pili ana he 35,000/47,000 tons.
Wahi a ka wānana a Gaogong Lithium Battery, ma ka makahiki 2025, ʻo ka nui o ke komo ʻana o ka mākeke o nā mea lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode e ʻoi aku ma mua o 15% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea lithium iron phosphate. No laila, me ke manaʻo ʻana i nā kūlana kūlike a me ka manaʻolana, ʻo ka nui o ke komo ʻana o ka lithium iron manganese phosphate i loko o 23-25 mau makahiki he 4%/9%/15%, 5%/11%/20%. Mākeke kaʻa huila ʻelua: Manaʻo mākou e hoʻolalelale nā pākaukau lithium iron manganese phosphate i ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke kaʻa huila ʻelua uila o Kina. ʻAʻole e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻāina ʻē ma muli o ka naʻaupō o ke kumukūʻai a me nā koi ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlike a me ka manaʻolana i loko o 25 mau makahiki, ʻo ka lithium iron manganese phosphate e ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi no nā cathodes he 1.1/15,000 tons, a ʻo ke koi like no ka manganese he 0.1/0.2 miliona tons. Mākeke kaʻa uila: Ke manaʻo nei e pani piha ana ka lithium iron manganese phosphate i ka lithium iron phosphate a hoʻohana ʻia me nā pila ternary (e like me ka hapa o nā huahana pili o Rongbai Technology, ke manaʻo nei mākou he 10% ka lākiō doping), ua manaʻo ʻia he kūlike ʻole a ma lalo o nā kūlana manaʻolana, ʻo ke koi no nā cathodes lithium iron manganese phosphate he 257,000/343,000 tons, a ʻo ke koi manganese e pili ana he 33,000/45,000 tons.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese ore, manganese sulfate, a me ka electrolytic manganese ma kahi pae haʻahaʻa loa i ka mōʻaukala, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese dioxide ma kahi pae kiʻekiʻe loa i ka mōʻaukala. I ka makahiki 2021, ma muli o ka kaohi pālua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka nele o ka mana, ua hoʻōki pū ka hui i ka hana ʻana, ua emi ka lako o ka manganese electrolytic, a ua piʻi nui nā kumukūʻai, e hoʻokele ana i nā kumukūʻai o ka manganese ore, manganese sulfate, a me ka electrolytic manganese e piʻi. Ma hope o 2022, ua nāwaliwali ke koi ma lalo, a ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese electrolytic, ʻoiai ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic. No ka manganese, manganese sulfate, a pēlā aku, ma muli o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka piʻi ʻana o nā pila lithium ma lalo, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kumukūʻai. I ka wā lōʻihi, ʻo ke koi ma lalo no ka manganese sulfate a me ka manganese dioxide i loko o nā pila. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā mea cathode manganese, manaʻo ʻia e neʻe i luna ke kikowaena kumukūʻai.