1. Ikhonkco leshishini lePolysilicon: Inkqubo yemveliso iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ezantsi igxile kwi-photovoltaic semiconductors
I-Polysilicon iveliswa kakhulu kwi-silicon yemizi-mveliso, i-chlorine kunye ne-hydrogen, kwaye ikwindawo ephezulu yemixokelelwane ye-photovoltaic kunye ne-semiconductor industry. Ngokwedatha ye-CPIA, indlela yemveliso ye-polysilicon ephambili ngoku kwihlabathi yindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo, ngaphandle kweTshayina, ngaphezulu kwe-95% ye-polysilicon iveliswa yindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo. Kwinkqubo yokulungiselela i-polysilicon ngendlela ye-Siemens ephuculweyo, okokuqala, igesi ye-chlorine idityaniswa negesi ye-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-hydrogen chloride, ize emva koko iphendulane nomgubo we-silicon emva kokutyunyuzwa nokugaywa kwe-silicon yemizi-mveliso ukuvelisa i-trichlorosilane, encitshiswa ngakumbi yigesi ye-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-polysilicon. I-Polycrystalline silicon inokunyibilikiswa kwaye ipholiswe ukwenza ii-polycrystalline silicon ingots, kwaye i-monocrystalline silicon inokuveliswa yi-Czochralski okanye i-zone melting. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-polycrystalline silicon, i-single crystal silicon yenziwe ngeenkozo ze-crystal ezine-orientation efanayo ye-crystal, ngoko ke inombane ongcono kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula. Zombini ii-ingots ze-silicon ezine-polycrystalline kunye nee-monocrystalline silicon rods zinokunqunyulwa kwaye zicutshungulwe zibe zii-wafers ze-silicon kunye neeseli, ezithi ke zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeemodyuli ze-photovoltaic kwaye zisetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-photovoltaic. Ukongeza, ii-wafers ze-silicon ezine-crystal enye zinokwenziwa zibe zii-wafers ze-silicon ngokuzigaya ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuzipolisha, ukuzicoca, ukuzicoca kunye nezinye iinkqubo, ezinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-substrate kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-semiconductor.
Umxholo wokungcola kwe-polysilicon uyimfuneko kakhulu, kwaye eli shishini lineempawu zotyalo-mali olukhulu kunye nemiqobo ephezulu yobuchwephesha. Ekubeni ubunyulu be-polysilicon buya kuyichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yokuzoba i-silicon enye yekristale, iimfuno zobunyulu zingqongqo kakhulu. Ubunyulu obuncinci be-polysilicon yi-99.9999%, kwaye eyona iphezulu isondele kakhulu kwi-100%. Ukongeza, imigangatho yesizwe saseTshayina ibeka phambili iimfuno ezicacileyo zomxholo wokungcola, kwaye ngokusekelwe koku, i-polysilicon yahlulwe ngamabakala oku-1, oku-II, kunye no-III, apho umxholo we-boron, i-phosphorus, i-oxygen kunye ne-carbon uluphawu olubalulekileyo lwesalathiso. "Iimeko zokufikelela kwiShishini le-Polysilicon" zimisela ukuba amashishini kufuneka abe nenkqubo yokuhlola nokulawula umgangatho olungileyo, kwaye imigangatho yemveliso ihambelana ngokungqongqo nemigangatho yesizwe; Ukongeza, iimeko zokufikelela zikwafuna ubungakanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwamashishini emveliso ye-polysilicon, njenge-polysilicon ye-solar-grade, i-electronic-grade. Isikali seprojekthi sikhulu kuneetoni ezingama-3000 ngonyaka kunye neetoni ezili-1000 ngonyaka ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye umlinganiselo omncinci wemali kutyalo-mali lweprojekthi ezintsha zokwakha nokwakha ngokutsha kunye nokwandisa akuyi kuba ngaphantsi kwe-30%, ngoko ke i-polysilicon lishishini elisebenzisa imali eninzi. Ngokwezibalo ze-CPIA, iindleko zotyalo-mali lwezixhobo zomgca wemveliso ye-polysilicon zetoni ezili-10,000 ezaqaliswa ukusebenza ngo-2021 zinyuke kancinci ukuya kwi-103 yezigidi zeeyuan/kt. Isizathu kukunyuka kwexabiso lezinto zesinyithi ezininzi. Kulindeleke ukuba iindleko zotyalo-mali kwixesha elizayo ziya kwanda ngokuqhubeka kwetekhnoloji yezixhobo zemveliso kunye nokwehla kwe-monomer njengoko ubungakanani bunyuka. Ngokwemigaqo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-polysilicon ekunciphiseni i-solar-grade kunye ne-electronic-grade Czochralski kufuneka kube ngaphantsi kwe-60 kWh/kg kunye ne-100 kWh/kg ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye iimfuno zezalathi zokusetyenziswa kwamandla zingqongqo kakhulu. Imveliso yePolysilicon idla ngokuba yeyoshishino lweekhemikhali. Inkqubo yemveliso iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye umda weendlela zobugcisa, ukukhethwa kwezixhobo, ukuqaliswa kunye nokusebenza uphezulu. Inkqubo yemveliso ibandakanya iimpendulo ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zeekhemikhali, kwaye inani leendawo zokulawula lingaphezulu kwe-1,000. Kunzima kwabaqalayo. Ngokukhawuleza bayakwazi ubugcisa obuvuthiweyo. Ke ngoko, kukho imiqobo emikhulu yemali kunye nobuchwepheshe kushishino lwemveliso yePolysilicon, olukwakhuthaza abavelisi bePolysilicon ukuba benze ulungelelwaniso olungqongqo lobuchwephesha lwenkqubo yokuhamba, ukupakisha kunye nokuthutha.
2. Udidi lwePolysilicon: ubunyulu bumisela ukusetyenziswa, kwaye umgangatho welanga uhlala kwindawo ephambili
I-polycrystalline silicon, uhlobo lwe-elemental silicon, yenziwe ngeenkozo zekristale ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zekristale, kwaye ihlanjululwa kakhulu yi-industrial silicon processing. Imbonakalo ye-polysilicon yi-grey metallic luster, kwaye i-melting point imalunga ne-1410℃. Ayisebenzi kubushushu begumbi kwaye isebenza ngakumbi kwimeko enyibilikisiweyo. I-Polysilicon ineempawu ze-semiconductor kwaye sisixhobo se-semiconductor esibaluleke kakhulu nesigqwesileyo, kodwa inani elincinci lokungcola linokuchaphazela kakhulu ukuqhuba kwayo. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlulahlula i-polysilicon. Ukongeza kuhlelo olukhankanyiweyo apha ngokwemigangatho yesizwe saseTshayina, ezinye iindlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zokwahlulahlula ziyaziswa apha. Ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zococeko kunye nokusetyenziswa, i-polysilicon inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-solar-grade polysilicon kunye ne-electronic-grade polysilicon. I-solar-grade polysilicon isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni iiseli ze-photovoltaic, ngelixa i-electronic-grade polysilicon isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwesekethe edibeneyo njengezinto eziluhlaza zeetships kunye neminye imveliso. Ubunyulu be-polysilicon ye-solar-grade yi-6 ~ 8N, oko kukuthi, umxholo wokungcola uwonke kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-10 -6, kwaye ubunyulu be-polysilicon kufuneka bufikelele kwi-99.9999% nangaphezulu. Iimfuneko zobunyulu be-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade zingqongqo ngakumbi, ubuncinci be-9N kunye nobuninzi bangoku be-12N. Ukuveliswa kwe-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade kunzima kakhulu. Zimbalwa iinkampani zaseTshayina ezinolwazi ngetekhnoloji yokuvelisa i-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade, kwaye zisaxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimpahla ezingeniswayo. Okwangoku, imveliso ye-polysilicon ye-solar-grade inkulu kakhulu kune-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade, kwaye eyokuqala imalunga ne-13.8 yeyokugqibela.
Ngokweyantlukwano phakathi kokungcola kwe-doping kunye nohlobo lwe-conductivity yezinto ze-silicon, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-P-type kunye ne-N-type. Xa i-silicon ifakwe izinto zokungcola ze-acceptor, ezifana ne-boron, i-aluminium, i-gallium, njl.njl., ilawulwa yi-hole conduction kwaye yi-P-type. Xa i-silicon ifakwe izinto zokungcola ze-donor, ezifana ne-phosphorus, i-arsenic, i-antimony, njl.njl., ilawulwa yi-electron conduction kwaye yi-N-type. Iibhetri ze-P-type ziquka ikakhulu iibhetri ze-BSF kunye neebhetri ze-PERC. Ngo-2021, iibhetri ze-PERC ziya kubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-91% yemarike yehlabathi, kwaye iibhetri ze-BSF ziya kupheliswa. Ngexesha apho i-PERC ithatha indawo ye-BSF, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kweeseli zohlobo lwe-P kunyuke ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-20% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-23%, oku kuza kusondela kumda ophezulu wethiyori we-24.5%, ngelixa umda ophezulu wethiyori weeseli zohlobo lwe-N ungama-28.7%, kwaye iiseli zohlobo lwe-N zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ngenxa yeenzuzo zomlinganiselo ophezulu we-bifacial kunye ne-coefficient yobushushu obuphantsi, iinkampani ziqalile ukusebenzisa imigca yemveliso yobuninzi kwiibhetri zohlobo lwe-N. Ngokwesibikezelo se-CPIA, umlinganiselo weebhetri zohlobo lwe-N uza kunyuka kakhulu ukusuka kwi-3% ukuya kwi-13.4% ngo-2022. Kulindeleke ukuba kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo, ukuphindaphinda kwebhetri yohlobo lwe-N ukuya kwibhetri yohlobo lwe-P kuza kuqaliswa. Ngokwemigangatho eyahlukileyo yomphezulu, inokwahlulwa ibe zizinto ezixineneyo, izinto zekholifulawa kunye nezinto zekorale. Umphezulu wezinto ezixineneyo unezinga eliphantsi lokuxinana, ngaphantsi kwe-5mm, akukho kungaqhelekanga kombala, akukho maleko we-oxidation, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu; Umphezulu wezinto zekholifulawa unomlinganiselo ophakathi wokugoba, 5-20mm, icandelo liphakathi, kwaye ixabiso liphakathi; ngelixa umphezulu wezinto zekholifulawa unobunzima obungaphezulu, Ubunzulu bungaphezulu kwe-20mm, icandelo likhululekile, kwaye ixabiso liphantsi. Izinto ezixineneyo zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukutsala i-silicon ye-monocrystalline, ngelixa izinto zekholifulawa kunye nezinto zekholifulawa zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza ii-wafers ze-silicon ze-polycrystalline. Kwimveliso yemihla ngemihla yamashishini, izinto ezixineneyo zinokuxutywa ngeyona nto ingaphantsi kwe-30% yezinto zekholifulawa ukuvelisa i-silicon ye-monocrystalline. Ixabiso lezinto ezikrwada linokulondolozwa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zekholifulawa kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsala ikristale ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokutsala emva kokulinganisa ezi zimbini. Kutshanje, umahluko wamaxabiso phakathi kwezinto ezixineneyo kunye nezinto zekholifulawa uzinzile kwi-3 RMB /kg. Ukuba umahluko wamaxabiso uyanda ngakumbi, iinkampani zinokucinga ngokuxuba izinto zekholifulawa ngakumbi ekutsaleni i-silicon ye-monocrystalline.
3. Inkqubo: Indlela ye-Siemens ithatha indawo ephambili, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuba sisiseko sotshintsho lwetekhnoloji
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-polysilicon yahlulwe kancinci yaya kumanyathelo amabini. Kwinyathelo lokuqala, umgubo we-silicon yezimboni uphendulwa nge-hydrogen chloride engenamanzi ukuze kufunyanwe i-trichlorosilane kunye ne-hydrogen. Emva kokuhlanjululwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokucocwa, i-trichlorosilane enegesi, i-dichlorodihydrosilicon kunye ne-Silane; inyathelo lesibini kukunciphisa igesi ephezulu ecocekileyo ekhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla ibe yi-silicon ekristale, kwaye inyathelo lokunciphisa lahlukile kwindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo kunye nendlela ye-silane fluidized bed. Indlela ye-Siemens ephuculweyo inetekhnoloji yokuvelisa evuthiweyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wemveliso, kwaye okwangoku yeyona teknoloji yokuvelisa esetyenziswa kakhulu. Indlela yemveli yokuvelisa i-Siemens kukusebenzisa i-chlorine kunye ne-hydrogen ukwenza i-hydrogen chloride engenamanzi, i-hydrogen chloride kunye ne-silicon yezimboni egudileyo ukwenza i-trichlorosilane kubushushu obuthile, uze emva koko wahlukanise, ulungise kwaye ucoce i-trichlorosilane. I-silicon ifumana impendulo yokunciphisa ubushushu kwisithando sokunciphisa i-hydrogen ukuze ifumane i-silicon yesiseko ebekwe kwisiseko se-silicon. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inkqubo ye-Siemens ephuculweyo ikwaxhotyiswe ngenkqubo exhasayo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe imveliso emininzi efana ne-hydrogen, i-hydrogen chloride, kunye ne-silicon tetrachloride eveliswa kwinkqubo yemveliso, ikakhulu kubandakanya ukubuyiswa kwegesi yomsila kunye neteknoloji yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-silicon tetrachloride. I-Hydrogen, i-hydrogen chloride, i-trichlorosilane, kunye ne-silicon tetrachloride kwigesi yokukhupha umoya zahlulwe ngokufumana kwakhona okomileyo. I-Hydrogen kunye ne-hydrogen chloride zinokusetyenziswa kwakhona ukwenza kunye nokucoca nge-trichlorosilane, kwaye i-trichlorosilane iphinda isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni ubushushu. Ukucoca kwenziwa kwisithando somlilo, kwaye i-silicon tetrachloride ifakwa i-hydrogenated ukuvelisa i-trichlorosilane, enokusetyenziswa ekucoceni. Eli nyathelo likwabizwa ngokuba lunyango lwe-hydrogenation ebandayo. Ngokufezekisa imveliso yesekethe evaliweyo, amashishini anokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikrwada kunye nombane, ngaloo ndlela egcina ngempumelelo iindleko zemveliso.
Iindleko zokuvelisa i-polysilicon kusetyenziswa indlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens eTshayina ziquka izinto eziluhlaza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukwehla kwexabiso, iindleko zokucubungula, njl. Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kushishino iye yehlisa kakhulu iindleko. Izinto eziluhlaza zibhekisa kakhulu kwi-silicon yemizi-mveliso kunye ne-trichlorosilane, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuquka umbane kunye nomphunga, kwaye iindleko zokucubungula zibhekisa kwiindleko zokuhlola nokulungisa izixhobo zemveliso. Ngokwezibalo zeBaichuan Yingfu malunga neendleko zemveliso ye-polysilicon ekuqaleni kukaJuni 2022, izinto eziluhlaza zezona zinto zibiza kakhulu, ezibalelwa kwi-41% yeendleko zizonke, apho i-silicon yemizi-mveliso ingumthombo ophambili we-silicon. Ukusetyenziswa kweyunithi ye-silicon esetyenziswa rhoqo kushishino kumela isixa se-silicon esisetyenziswa ngeyunithi nganye yeemveliso ze-silicon ezicocekileyo kakhulu. Indlela yokubala kukuguqula zonke izinto eziqulethe i-silicon ezifana nomgubo we-silicon yemizi-mveliso kunye ne-trichlorosilane zibe yi-silicon ecocekileyo, uze emva koko uthabathe i-chlorosilane ekhutshwe ngaphandle ngokwesixa se-silicon ecocekileyo eguqulwe kwi-ratio yomxholo we-silicon. Ngokwedatha yeCPIA, inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwesilicon liza kwehla nge-0.01 kg/kg-Si ukuya kwi-1.09 kg/kg-Si ngo-2021. Kulindeleke ukuba ngokuphuculwa konyango lwe-hydrogenation ebandayo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe imveliso, kulindeleke ukuba yehle iye kwi-1.07 kg/kg ngo-2030. kg-Si. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, ukusetyenziswa kwesilicon kweenkampani ezintlanu eziphambili zaseTshayina kushishino lwe-polysilicon kuphantsi kunomndilili weshishini. Kuyaziwa ukuba ezimbini kuzo ziya kusebenzisa i-1.08 kg/kg-Si kunye ne-1.05 kg/kg-Si ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-2021. Inxalenye yesibini ephezulu kukusetyenziswa kwamandla, okubalwa yi-32% iyonke, apho umbane ubala i-30% yeendleko zizonke, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ixabiso lombane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kusezizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-polysilicon. Izalathisi ezimbini eziphambili zokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshiswa kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-trichlorosilane kunye ne-hydrogen ukuvelisa izinto ze-silicon ezicocekileyo kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuquka ukufudumeza kwangaphambili kunye nokubeka isiseko se-silicon. , ukugcinwa kobushushu, umoya wokuphela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwezinye iinkqubo. Ngo-2021, ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphakathi kwemveliso ye-polysilicon kuya kuncipha nge-5.3% ngonyaka ukuya kwi-63kWh/kg-Si, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphantsi okuphakathi kuya kuncipha nge-6.1% ngonyaka ukuya kwi-46kWh/kg-Si, okulindeleke ukuba kunciphe ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo. . Ukongeza, ukwehla kwexabiso nako yinto ebalulekileyo yexabiso, ebalelwa kwi-17%. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, ngokwedatha yeBaichuan Yingfu, iindleko zemveliso iyonke ye-polysilicon ekuqaleni kukaJuni 2022 yayimalunga ne-55,816 yuan/ton, ixabiso eliphakathi le-polysilicon kwimarike yayimalunga ne-260,000 yuan/ton, kwaye inzuzo iyonke yayiphezulu njenge-70% nangaphezulu, ngoko ke yatsala inani elikhulu lamashishini atyala imali ekwakheni amandla emveliso ye-polysilicon.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini abavelisi be-polysilicon abanciphisa ngazo iindleko, enye kukunciphisa iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza, enye kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokuphathelele izinto eziluhlaza, abavelisi banokunciphisa iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza ngokusayina izivumelwano zentsebenziswano yexesha elide nabavelisi be-silicon yemizi-mveliso, okanye ukwakha amandla emveliso adibeneyo aphezulu nasezantsi. Umzekelo, izityalo zemveliso ye-polysilicon ngokusisiseko zixhomekeke kubonelelo lwazo lwe-silicon yemizi-mveliso. Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kombane, abavelisi banokunciphisa iindleko zombane ngokusebenzisa amaxabiso aphantsi ombane kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokupheleleyo. Malunga ne-70% yokusetyenziswa kombane ngokubanzi kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane, kwaye ukunciphisa kukwalikhonkco eliphambili kwimveliso ye-silicon ekristale ecocekileyo kakhulu. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwamandla emveliso ye-polysilicon eTshayina lugxile kwimimandla enamaxabiso aphantsi ombane njengeXinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan kunye neYunnan. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhubela phambili komgaqo-nkqubo we-carbon ezimbini, kunzima ukufumana inani elikhulu lezixhobo zamandla ezingabizi kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukuze kuncitshiswe kukunciphisa iindleko okunokwenzeka namhlanje. Indlela. Okwangoku, indlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kukwandisa inani lee-silicon cores kwi-reduction furnace, ngaloo ndlela yandisa imveliso yeyunithi enye. Okwangoku, iintlobo ze-reduction furnace eziphambili eTshayina zii-36 pairs zeentonga, ii-40 pairs zeentonga kunye nee-48 pairs zeentonga. Uhlobo lwe-furnace luphuculwe ukuya kwii-60 pairs zeentonga kunye nee-72 pairs zeentonga, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, lukwabeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu kwinqanaba letekhnoloji yemveliso yamashishini.
Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ye-Siemens ephuculweyo, indlela yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane ineengenelo ezintathu, enye kukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, enye kukukhupha okuphezulu kwekristale, kwaye eyesithathu kukuba kungcono ukuyidibanisa netekhnoloji ye-CCZ eqhubekayo yeCzochralski. Ngokwedatha yeSebe leSilicon Industry, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi kwendlela yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane yi-33.33% yendlela ye-Siemens ephuculweyo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshiswa yi-10% yendlela ye-Siemens ephuculweyo. Indlela yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane ineengenelo ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokuphathelele ukutsala kwekristale, iipropati zomzimba ze-granular silicon zinokwenza kube lula ukuzalisa ngokupheleleyo i-quartz crucible kwikhonkco lentonga yokutsala i-silicon yekristale enye. I-polycrystalline silicon kunye ne-granular silicon zinokunyusa amandla okutshaja e-single furnace nge-29%, ngelixa zinciphisa ixesha lokutshaja nge-41%, ziphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsala kwe-single crystal silicon. Ukongeza, i-granular silicon inobubanzi obuncinci kunye nokuchaneka okuhle, okufanelekileyo ngakumbi kwindlela ye-CCZ eqhubekayo yeCzochralski. Okwangoku, iteknoloji ephambili yokutsala ikristale enye kwiindawo eziphakathi nezisezantsi yindlela ye-RCZ single crystal re-casting, ekukondla kwakhona nokutsala ikristale emva kokuba kutsalwe intonga yesilicon enye yekristale. Umzobo wenziwa ngaxeshanye, nto leyo egcina ixesha lokupholisa le ntonga yesilicon enye yekristale, ngoko ke ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuphezulu. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwendlela ye-CCZ eqhubekayo yeCzochralski luya kunyusa imfuno yesilicon eneziqwenga. Nangona isilicon eneziqwenga inezinye iingxaki, ezifana nomgubo wesilicon omninzi oveliswa kukungqubana, indawo enkulu yomphezulu kunye nokufunxwa lula kokungcola, kunye nehydrogen edityaniswe kwihydrogen ngexesha lokunyibilika, okulula ukubangela ukutsiba, kodwa ngokwezibhengezo zamva nje zamashishini esilicon eneziqwenga ezifanelekileyo, ezi ngxaki ziyaphuculwa kwaye kwenziwe inkqubela phambili ethile.
Inkqubo yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane ivuthiwe eYurophu nase-United States, kwaye isesencinci emva kokungeniswa kwamashishini aseTshayina. Kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, i-silicon yamanye amazwe eneengqukuva emelwe yi-REC kunye ne-MEMC yaqala ukuhlola imveliso ye-silicon enezingqukuva yaza yavelisa imveliso enkulu. Phakathi kwazo, amandla emveliso iyonke ye-REC ye-silicon enezingqukuva afikelele kwiitoni ezili-10,500 ngonyaka ngo-2010, kwaye xa ithelekiswa ne-Siemens efanayo ngexesha elifanayo, yayinexabiso eliphantsi ubuncinane le-US$2-3/kg. Ngenxa yeemfuno zokutsala ngekristale enye, imveliso ye-silicon enezingqukuva yenkampani yema yaze ekugqibeleni yayeka ukuvelisa, yaza yajika yaya kwi-joint venture neTshayina ukuseka ishishini lemveliso ukuze libandakanyeke kwimveliso ye-silicon enezingqukuva.
4. Izinto ezikrwada: I-silicon yemizi-mveliso yeyona nto iphambili, kwaye unikezelo lungahlangabezana neemfuno zokwandiswa kwe-polysilicon
I-silicon yemizi-mveliso yeyona nto iphambili kwimveliso ye-polysilicon. Kulindeleke ukuba imveliso ye-silicon yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina iya kukhula ngokuthe chu ukusuka ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025. Ukususela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2021, imveliso ye-silicon yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina ikwinqanaba lokukhula, kunye nomlinganiselo wokukhula konyaka womthamo wemveliso kunye nemveliso ufikelela kwi-7.4% kunye ne-8.6%, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngokwedatha ye-SMM, ukwanda okutshaamandla okuvelisa i-silicon yemizi-mvelisoeTshayina kuya kuba ziitoni ezingama-890,000 kunye neetoni ezi-1.065 yezigidi ngo-2022 nango-2023. Ukuba iinkampani ze-silicon zoshishino ziya kuhlala zigcina izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nezinga lokusebenza elimalunga nama-60% kwixesha elizayo, ukunyuka okutsha kweTshayinaUmthamo wemveliso ngo-2022 nango-2023 uza kuzisa ukunyuka kwemveliso yeetoni ezingama-320,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-383,000. Ngokweqikelelo lwe-GFCI,Umthamo wemveliso yesilicon yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina nge-22/23/24/25 umalunga ne-5.90/697/6.71/6.5 yezigidi zeetoni, ohambelana ne-3.55/391/4.18/4.38 yezigidi zeetoni.
Izinga lokukhula kweendawo ezimbini eziseleyo zesilicon yemizi-mveliso ebekwe phezulu licotha kakhulu, kwaye imveliso yesilicon yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina inokuhlangabezana nemveliso ye-polysilicon. Ngo-2021, amandla okuvelisa i-silicon yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina aya kuba ziitoni ezi-5.385 ezigidi, okuhambelana nemveliso yeetoni ezi-3.213 ezigidi, apho i-polysilicon, i-silicon ye-organic, kunye ne-aluminium alloys ziya kudla iitoni ezingama-623,000, iitoni ezingama-898,000, kunye neetoni ezingama-649,000, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, phantse iitoni ezingama-780,000 zemveliso zisetyenziselwa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2021, ukusetyenziswa kwe-polysilicon, i-silicon ye-organic, kunye ne-aluminium alloys kuya kubalelwa kwi-19%, 28%, kunye ne-20% ye-silicon yemizi-mveliso, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso ye-organic silicon kulindeleke ukuba lihlale limalunga ne-10%, kwaye izinga lokukhula kwemveliso ye-aluminium alloy liphantsi kune-5%. Ngoko ke, sikholelwa ukuba isixa sesilicon yemizi-mveliso esinokusetyenziselwa i-polysilicon ngo-2022-2025 sanele, nto leyo enokwanelisa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zemveliso ye-polysilicon.
5. Ubonelelo lwePolysilicon:iTshayinaithatha indawo ebalaseleyo, kwaye imveliso iqokelelana kancinci kancinci ibe ngamashishini aphambili
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi inyukile minyaka le, kwaye iqokelelene kancinci kancinci eTshayina. Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2021, imveliso ye-polysilicon yonyaka yehlabathi inyuke ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-432,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-631,000, kunye nokukhula okukhawulezayo ngo-2021, kunye nesantya sokukhula se-21.11%. Ngeli xesha, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi igxile kancinci eTshayina, kwaye inani lemveliso ye-polysilicon yaseTshayina linyuke ukusuka kwi-56.02% ngo-2017 ukuya kwi-80.03% ngo-2021. Xa kuthelekiswa iinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu kumandla emveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngo-2010 nango-2021, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba inani leenkampani zaseTshayina linyuke ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-8, kwaye inani lemveliso yezinye iinkampani zaseMelika naseKorea liye lehla kakhulu, laphuma kumaqela alishumi aphezulu, afana ne-HEMOLOCK, i-OCI, i-REC kunye ne-MEMC; Uxinaniso lweshishini lunyuke kakhulu, kwaye amandla emveliso iyonke yeenkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu kushishino anyuke ukusuka kwi-57.7% ukuya kwi-90.3%. Ngo-2021, kukho iinkampani ezintlanu zaseTshayina ezibalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-10% yamandla emveliso, ezibalelwa kwi-65.7%. Kukho izizathu ezintathu eziphambili zokudluliselwa kancinci kancinci kweshishini le-polysilicon ukuya eTshayina. Okokuqala, abavelisi be-polysilicon baseTshayina baneengenelo ezibalulekileyo ngokwezinto eziluhlaza, umbane kunye neendleko zabasebenzi. Imivuzo yabasebenzi iphantsi kuneyamazwe angaphandle, ngoko ke iindleko zemveliso iyonke eTshayina ziphantsi kakhulu kunezamazwe angaphandle, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka zihla ngokwenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji; okwesibini, umgangatho weemveliso ze-polysilicon zaseTshayina uhlala uphucuka, uninzi lwazo zikwinqanaba lokuqala le-solar-grade, kwaye amashishini aphucukileyo ngamanye akwiimfuno zobumsulwa. Kwenziwe uphuhliso kwitekhnoloji yemveliso ye-polysilicon ephezulu ye-elektroniki, kancinci kancinci yazisa endaweni ye-polysilicon yasekhaya ye-elektroniki yokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe, kwaye amashishini aphambili aseTshayina akhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ze-polysilicon ze-elektroniki. Imveliso yee-wafers ze-silicon eTshayina ingaphezulu kwe-95% yemveliso iyonke yehlabathi, nto leyo eye yanyusa kancinci izinga lokuzinza kwe-polysilicon eTshayina, nto leyo eye yacinezela imakethi yamashishini e-polysilicon aphesheya kwezilwandle ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile.
Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2021, imveliso yonyaka ye-polysilicon eTshayina iya kwanda kancinci, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezityebileyo kwimithombo yamandla efana neXinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, kunye neSichuan. Ngo-2021, imveliso ye-polysilicon yaseTshayina iya kwanda ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-392,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-505,000, ukunyuka kwama-28.83%. Ngokuphathelele amandla okuvelisa, amandla okuvelisa i-polysilicon yaseTshayina ngokubanzi ayenyuka, kodwa ayehla ngo-2020 ngenxa yokuvalwa kwabanye abavelisi. Ukongeza, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla eenkampani ze-polysilicon zaseTshayina liye landa rhoqo ukusukela ngo-2018, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngo-2021 liya kufikelela kuma-97.12%. Ngokuphathelele amaphondo, imveliso ye-polysilicon yaseTshayina ngo-2021 igxile kakhulu kwiindawo ezinamaxabiso aphantsi ombane afana neXinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, kunye neSichuan. Imveliso yeXinjiang yi-270,400 yeetoni, nto leyo engaphezulu kwesiqingatha semveliso iyonke eTshayina.
Ishishini le-polysilicon laseTshayina liphawulwa yizinga eliphezulu lokugxila, elinexabiso le-CR6 elingama-77%, kwaye kuya kubakho ukunyuka okuthe kratya kwixesha elizayo. Imveliso ye-Polysilicon lishishini elinemali eninzi kunye nemiqobo ephezulu yobugcisa. Umjikelo wokwakhiwa kweprojekthi kunye nemveliso uhlala uyiminyaka emibini nangaphezulu. Kunzima kubavelisi abatsha ukungena kweli shishini. Xa sijonga ulwandiso olucwangcisiweyo olwaziwayo kunye neeprojekthi ezintsha kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo, abavelisi be-oligopolistic kweli shishini baya kuqhubeka nokwandisa amandla abo emveliso ngenxa yetekhnoloji yabo kunye neenzuzo zesikali, kwaye isikhundla sabo sodwa siya kuqhubeka sinyuka.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba unikezelo lwe-polysilicon eTshayina luya kuzisa ukukhula okukhulu ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, kwaye imveliso ye-polysilicon iya kufikelela kwi-1.194 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2025, nto leyo eqhuba ukwanda komlinganiselo wemveliso ye-polysilicon kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2021, ngokunyuka okukhulu kwexabiso le-polysilicon eTshayina, abavelisi abakhulu batyale imali ekwakhiweni kwemigca emitsha yemveliso, kwaye kwangaxeshanye batsala abavelisi abatsha ukuba bajoyine eli shishini. Ekubeni iiprojekthi ze-polysilicon ziya kuthatha ubuncinci unyaka onesiqingatha ukuya kwiminyaka emibini ukusuka ekwakhiweni ukuya ekwenziweni, ukwakhiwa okutsha ngo-2021 kuya kugqitywa. Umthamo wemveliso ngokubanzi ufakwa kwimveliso kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-2022 no-2023. Oku kuhambelana kakhulu nezicwangciso ezintsha zeprojekthi ezibhengezwe ngabavelisi abakhulu ngoku. Umthamo omtsha wemveliso ngo-2022-2025 ugxile kakhulu ngo-2022 nango-2023. Emva koko, njengoko unikezelo kunye nemfuno ye-polysilicon kunye nexabiso zizinzile kancinci kancinci, umthamo wonke wemveliso kushishino uya kuzinza kancinci kancinci. Ukwehla, oko kukuthi, izinga lokukhula kwamandla emveliso liyehla kancinci kancinci. Ukongeza, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla eenkampani ze-polysilicon lihlale likwinqanaba eliphezulu kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha ukuba amandla emveliso yeeprojekthi ezintsha anyuke, kwaye kuya kuthatha inkqubo yokuba abatsha baqale ubuchule bokulungiselela itekhnoloji efanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla eeprojekthi ezintsha ze-polysilicon kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo liya kuba liphantsi. Ukusuka koku, imveliso ye-polysilicon ngo-2022-2025 inokuqikelelwa, kwaye imveliso ye-polysilicon ngo-2025 kulindeleke ukuba ibe malunga ne-1.194 yezigidi zeetoni.
Uxinzelelo lomthamo wemveliso yaphesheya luphezulu, kwaye izinga kunye nesantya sokwanda kwemveliso kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo asiyi kuba phezulu njengeTshayina. Umthamo wemveliso ye-polysilicon yaphesheya ugxile kakhulu kwiinkampani ezine eziphambili, kwaye ezinye zincinci kakhulu kumthamo wemveliso. Ngokuphathelele umthamo wemveliso, iWacker Chem ithatha isiqingatha somthamo wemveliso ye-polysilicon yaphesheya. Iifektri zayo eJamani nase-United States zinamandla emveliso angama-60,000 eetoni kunye nama-20,000 eetoni, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla emveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngo-2022 nangaphaya kunokubangela inkxalabo malunga nokunikezelwa okugqithisileyo, inkampani isekwimeko yokulinda kwaye ayicebanga ukongeza umthamo omtsha wemveliso. I-OCI enkulu ye-polysilicon yaseMzantsi Korea ifudusela kancinci kancinci umgca wayo wokuvelisa i-polysilicon ekumgangatho welanga ukuya eMalaysia ngelixa igcina umgca wokuqala wokuvelisa i-polysilicon ekumgangatho we-elektroniki eTshayina, ocetywayo ukufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-5,000 ngo-2022. Umthamo wemveliso we-OCI eMalaysia uza kufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-27,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-30,000 ngo-2020 nango-2021, ukufikelela kwiindleko eziphantsi zokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuphepha irhafu ephezulu yaseTshayina kwi-polysilicon eMelika naseMzantsi Korea. Le nkampani iceba ukuvelisa iitoni ezingama-95,000 kodwa umhla wokuqala awucaci. Kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-5,000 ngonyaka kwiminyaka emine ezayo. Inkampani yaseNorway i-REC ineziseko ezibini zemveliso kwiphondo laseWashington naseMontana, e-USA, enomthamo wokuvelisa ngonyaka weetoni ezili-18,000 ze-polysilicon ekumgangatho welanga kunye neetoni ezingama-2,000 ze-polysilicon ekumgangatho we-elektroniki. I-REC, eyayikwingxaki enkulu yezemali, yakhetha ukumisa imveliso, yaza emva koko yakhuthazwa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-polysilicon ngo-2021, inkampani yagqiba ekubeni iqalise kwakhona imveliso yeetoni ezili-18,000 zeeprojekthi kwiphondo laseWashington kunye neetoni ezingama-2,000 eMontana ekupheleni kuka-2023, kwaye ingagqiba ukunyuka kwamandla emveliso ngo-2024. I-Hemlock yeyona mveliso inkulu ye-polysilicon e-United States, igxile kwi-polysilicon ye-elektroniki ecocekileyo kakhulu. Imiqobo yetekhnoloji ephezulu kwimveliso yenza kube nzima ukuba iimveliso zenkampani zitshintshwe kwimarike. Xa idibene nenyaniso yokuba inkampani ayicebi ukwakha iiprojekthi ezintsha kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, kulindeleke ukuba amandla emveliso yenkampani abe phakathi kuka-2022 no-2025. Imveliso yonyaka ihlala kwiitoni ezili-18,000. Ukongeza, ngo-2021, amandla amatsha emveliso eenkampani ngaphandle kwezi nkampani zine zingasentla aya kuba ziitoni ezingama-5,000. Ngenxa yokungaqondi kakuhle izicwangciso zemveliso zazo zonke iinkampani, kucingelwa apha ukuba amandla amatsha emveliso aya kuba ziitoni ezingama-5,000 ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025.
Ngokwezinga lokuvelisa kwamanye amazwe, kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso ye-polysilicon kwamanye amazwe ngo-2025 iya kuba malunga neetoni ezili-176,000, kucingelwa ukuba izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuvelisa i-polysilicon kwamanye amazwe alitshintshi. Emva kokuba ixabiso le-polysilicon linyuke kakhulu ngo-2021, iinkampani zaseTshayina zinyuse imveliso kwaye zandisa imveliso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkampani zamanye amazwe zilumke ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zazo zeeprojekthi ezintsha. Oku kungenxa yokuba ulawulo lweshishini le-polysilicon sele lulawulwa yiTshayina, kwaye ukunyusa imveliso ngokungaboniyo kunokuzisa ilahleko. Kwicala leendleko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla yeyona nto inkulu kwixabiso le-polysilicon, ngoko ke ixabiso lombane libaluleke kakhulu, kwaye iXinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, iSichuan kunye neminye imimandla ineenzuzo ezicacileyo. Kwicala lemfuno, njenge-downstream ethe ngqo ye-polysilicon, imveliso ye-silicon wafer yaseTshayina ibandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-99% yehlabathi liphela. Ishishini elisezantsi le-polysilicon ligxile kakhulu eTshayina. Ixabiso le-polysilicon eliveliswayo liphantsi, iindleko zothutho ziphantsi, kwaye imfuno iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Okwesibini, iTshayina ibeke irhafu ephezulu kakhulu yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma ekungenisweni kwe-polysilicon yelanga evela eMelika naseMzantsi Korea, nto leyo eye yacinezela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-polysilicon evela eMelika naseMzantsi Korea. Lumka xa usakha iiprojekthi ezintsha; ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amashishini e-polysilicon aphesheya kwezilwandle aseTshayina aye acotha ukuphuhliswa ngenxa yempembelelo yerhafu, kwaye eminye imigca yemveliso iye yancitshiswa okanye yavalwa, kwaye umlinganiselo wawo kwimveliso yehlabathi uye wehla unyaka nonyaka, ngoko ke akayi kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-polysilicon ngo-2021 njengoko inzuzo ephezulu yenkampani yaseTshayina, iimeko zemali azanelanga ukuxhasa ukwanda kwayo okukhawulezileyo nokukhulu kwamandla emveliso.
Ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo lwemveliso ye-polysilicon eTshayina nakwamanye amazwe ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lemveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi lingashwankathelwa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngo-2025 iya kufikelela kwi-1.371 yezigidi zeetoni. Ngokwexabiso eliqikelelweyo lemveliso ye-polysilicon, isabelo seTshayina senxalenye yehlabathi sinokufunyanwa ngokumalunga. Kulindeleke ukuba isabelo seTshayina siya kwanda kancinci kancinci ukusuka ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, kwaye siya kudlula i-87% ngo-2025.
6, Isishwankathelo kunye neMbono
I-Polysilicon ikwindawo esezantsi kwe-silicon yemizi-mveliso kunye ne-topstream ye-photovoltaic kunye ne-semiconductor industry chain, kwaye imeko yayo ibaluleke kakhulu. I-photovoltaic industry chain idla ngokuba yi-polysilicon-silicon wafer-cell-module-photovoltaic efakiweyo, kwaye i-semiconductor industry chain idla ngokuba yi-polysilicon-monocrystalline silicon wafer-silicon wafer-chip. Ukusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kuneemfuno ezahlukeneyo kucoceko lwe-polysilicon. Industry ye-photovoltaic isebenzisa kakhulu i-polysilicon ye-solar-grade, kwaye industry ye-semiconductor isebenzisa i-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade. Eyokuqala inoluhlu lococeko lwe-6N-8N, ngelixa eyesibini ifuna ubumsulwa be-9N okanye ngaphezulu.
Kangangeminyaka, inkqubo ephambili yokuvelisa i-polysilicon ibiyindlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens kwihlabathi liphela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye iinkampani ziye zahlola ngenkuthalo indlela yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane ebiza kancinci, enokuba nefuthe kwipateni yemveliso. I-polysilicon enomfanekiso wentonga eveliswe yindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, iindleko eziphezulu kunye nobunyulu obuphezulu, ngelixa i-silicon enyibilikisiweyo eveliswe yindlela yebhedi enyibilikisiweyo ye-silane ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, iindleko eziphantsi kunye nobunyulu obuphantsi. Ezinye iinkampani zaseTshayina ziye zaqonda ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kwe-silicon enyibilikisiweyo kunye netekhnoloji yokusebenzisa i-silicon enyibilikisiweyo ukutsala i-polysilicon, kodwa ayizange ikhuthazwe ngokubanzi. Ukuba i-silicon enyibilikisiweyo ingathatha indawo yeyokuqala kwixesha elizayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni inzuzo yeendleko inokugubungela na ukungonakali komgangatho, isiphumo sezicelo ezisezantsi, kunye nokuphuculwa kokhuseleko lwe-silane. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi inyukile minyaka le, kwaye iqokelelana kancinci eTshayina. Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2021, imveliso yonyaka ye-polysilicon yehlabathi iya kwanda ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-432,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-631,000, kunye nokukhula okukhawulezayo ngo-2021. Ngeli xesha, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi yaya igxile ngakumbi eTshayina, kwaye umlinganiselo wemveliso ye-polysilicon yaseTshayina wanda ukusuka kwi-56.02% ngo-2017 ukuya kwi-80.03% ngo-2021. Ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, ukubonelelwa kwe-polysilicon kuya kuzisa ukukhula okukhulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso ye-polysilicon ngo-2025 iya kuba ziitoni ezi-1.194 yezigidi eTshayina, kwaye imveliso yaphesheya iya kufikelela kwiitoni ezili-176,000. Ke ngoko, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngo-2025 iya kuba malunga neetoni ezi-1.37 yezigidi.
(Eli nqaku lenzelwe abathengi be-UrbanMines kuphela kwaye alimeli naluphi na ulwalathiso lotyalo-mali)