1. Cheni yeindasitiri yePolysilicon: Maitiro ekugadzira akaomarara, uye pasi payo panonyanya kutarisisa ma semiconductor e photovoltaic
Polysilicon inonyanya kugadzirwa kubva kusilicon yemumaindasitiri, chlorine nehydrogen, uye iri kumusoro kwecheni dzeindasitiri ye photovoltaic ne semiconductor. Sekureva kwedata reCPIA, nzira huru yekugadzira polysilicon pasi rose ndiyo nzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens, kunze kweChina, inopfuura 95% yepolysilicon inogadzirwa nenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens. Mukugadzirira polysilicon nenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens, chekutanga, chlorine gasi inosanganiswa nehydrogen gasi kugadzira hydrogen chloride, uye yozosangana nesilicon powder mushure mekupwanya nekukuya silicon yemumaindasitiri kugadzira trichlorosilane, iyo inoderedzwazve nehydrogen gasi kugadzira polysilicon. Polycrystalline silicon inogona kunyungudutswa nekutonhodzwa kugadzira polycrystalline silicon ingots, uye monocrystalline silicon inogonawo kugadzirwa neCzochralski kana zone melting. Kana ichienzaniswa nepolycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon inoumbwa ne crystal grains ine crystal orientation yakafanana, saka ine conductivity yemagetsi iri nani uye conversion efficiency. Zvese zviri zviviri polycrystalline silicon ingots uye monocrystalline silicon rods zvinogona kuchekwa uye kugadziriswa kuita silicon wafers nemasero, izvo zvinozova zvikamu zvakakosha zve photovoltaic modules uye zvinoshandiswa mumunda we photovoltaic. Pamusoro pezvo, single crystal silicon wafers dzinogonawo kugadzirwa kuita silicon wafers nekudzokorora kukuya, kupukuta, epitaxy, kuchenesa uye mamwe maitiro, ayo anogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zve substrate zvemidziyo yemagetsi ye semiconductor.
Kuchena kwepolysilicon kunodiwa zvakanyanya, uye indasitiri ine hunhu hwekudyara mari yakawanda uye zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi zvakanyanya. Sezvo kuchena kwepolysilicon kuchizokanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro ekudhirowa kwesilicon imwe chete, zvinodiwa zvekuchena zvakanyanya. Kuchena kushoma kwepolysilicon i99.9999%, uye yakakwirira kwazvo iri pedyo ne100%. Pamusoro pezvo, zviyero zvenyika yeChina zvinopa pachena zvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwekusvibiswa, uye zvichibva pane izvi, polysilicon yakakamurwa kuita mamakisi I, II, neIII, ayo huwandu hweboron, phosphorus, oxygen uye kabhoni inhamba yakakosha yekutarisa. "Polysilicon Industry Access Conditions" inotaura kuti mabhizinesi anofanira kuve nehurongwa hwekuongorora nekutarisira hwemhando yepamusoro, uye zviyero zvezvigadzirwa zvinotevedzera zvakanyanya zviyero zvenyika; Pamusoro pezvo, mamiriro ekuwana zvinhu anodawo chiyero uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwemakambani ekugadzira polysilicon, akadai se solar-grade, electronic-grade polysilicon. Chiyero chepurojekiti ichi chikuru kupfuura matani 3000 pagore uye matani 1000 pagore, uye chiyero chidiki chemari mukudyara mumapurojekiti matsva ekuvaka nekuvakazve uye ekuwedzera hachifanirwe kunge chakaderera pane 30%, saka polysilicon iindasitiri inoda mari yakawanda. Sekureva kwehuwandu hweCPIA, mutengo wekudyara wemidziyo yekugadzira polysilicon ye10,000-ton yakaiswa kushanda muna 2021 yakawedzera zvishoma kusvika pamamiriyoni 103 yuan/kt. Chikonzero ndechekukwira kwemutengo wezvinhu zvesimbi zvakawanda. Zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo wekudyara mune ramangwana uchawedzera nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yemidziyo yekugadzira uye monomer ichiderera sezvo saizi ichiwedzera. Sekureva kwemitemo, kushandiswa kwesimba kwepolysilicon yekudzikiswa kwe solar-grade ne electronic-grade Czochralski kunofanirwa kunge kuri pasi pe60 kWh/kg uye 100 kWh/kg zvichiteerana, uye zvinodiwa zvezviratidzo zvekushandisa simba zvakanyanya kuomarara. Kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon kunowanzo kuve kweindasitiri yemakemikari. Maitiro ekugadzira akaomarara, uye muganho wenzira dzehunyanzvi, kusarudzwa kwemidziyo, kuiswa kwemabasa uye mashandiro wakakwira. Maitiro ekugadzira anosanganisira maitiro akawanda akaomarara emakemikari, uye huwandu hwema "control nodes" anopfuura 1,000. Zvakaoma kune vatsva vanotanga. Nekukurumidza kugona hunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Nokudaro, kune zvipingamupinyi zvakakura zvemari uye zvehunyanzvi muindasitiri yekugadzira polysilicon, izvo zvinokurudzirawo vagadziri vepolysilicon kuti vaite hunyanzvi hwakasimba hwekufambisa kwemaitiro, kurongedza uye kutakurwa.
2. Kurongwa kwePolysilicon: kuchena kunosarudza mashandisirwo, uye giredhi rezuva rinotora nzvimbo huru
Polycrystalline silicon, rudzi rwe elemental silicon, inoumbwa ne crystal grains dzine ma crystal akasiyana, uye inonyanya kucheneswa ne industrial silicon processing. Kuonekwa kwe polysilicon igrey metallic luster, uye melting point inenge 1410℃. Haishande pakupisa kwemumba uye inoshanda zvakanyanya kana yakanyungudutswa. Polysilicon ine semiconductor properties uye chinhu chakakosha uye chakanaka kwazvo che semiconductor, asi tsvina shoma inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya conductivity yayo. Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuisa polysilicon muzvikamu. Kuwedzera kune zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvenyika yeChina, dzimwe nzira nhatu dzakakosha dzekuisa muzvikamu dzinounzwa pano. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvehutsanana uye mashandisirwo, polysilicon inogona kukamurwa kuita solar-grade polysilicon uye electronic-grade polysilicon. Solar-grade polysilicon inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira ma photovoltaic cells, nepo electronic-grade polysilicon ichishandiswa zvakanyanya mu integrated circuit industry se raw material yema chips nezvimwe zvigadzirwa. Kuchena kwepolysilicon yemhando yezuva i6~8N, kureva kuti, huwandu hwese hwekusvibiswa hunofanirwa kunge hwakaderera pane 10 -6, uye kuchena kwepolysilicon kunofanirwa kusvika 99.9999% kana kupfuura. Zvinodiwa zvekuchena kwepolysilicon yemhando yemagetsi zvakanyanya kuoma, ne9N iri pasi uye 12N iri pasi. Kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon yemhando yemagetsi kwakaoma. Kune makambani mashoma ekuChina akaziva tekinoroji yekugadzira polysilicon yemhando yemagetsi, uye achiri kuvimba nezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Parizvino, kubuda kwepolysilicon yemhando yezuva kwakakura kupfuura kwepolysilicon yemhando yemagetsi, uye yekutanga inenge ka13.8 kupfuura yekupedzisira.
Zvichienderana nemusiyano we doping impurity uye conductivity yesilicon material, inogona kukamurwa kuita P-type ne N-type. Kana silicon yaiswa ma acceptor cleansing elements, dzakadai se boron, aluminium, gallium, nezvimwewo, inodzorwa ne hole conduction uye i P-type. Kana silicon yaiswa ma donor cleansing elements, dzakadai se phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, nezvimwewo, inodzorwa ne electron conduction uye i N-type. Mabhatiri e P-type anosanganisira mabhatiri e BSF ne PERC. Muna 2021, mabhatiri e PERC achave anopfuura 91% yemusika wepasi rose, uye mabhatiri e BSF achabviswa. Munguva iyo PERC inotsiva BSF, kushanda kwekuchinja kwemasero emhando yeP kwakawedzera kubva pasi pe20% kusvika kupfuura 23%, izvo zvava kuda kusvika pamuganho wepamusoro we24.5%, nepo muganho wepamusoro wemasero emhando yeN uri 28.7%, uye masero emhando yeN ane kushanda kwepamusoro kwekushandura. Nekuda kwezvakanaka zvehuwandu hwepamusoro hwemafacial uye low tembiricha coefficient, makambani atanga kuisa mitsetse yekugadzira yakawanda yemabhatiri emhando yeN. Sekureva kwekufanotaura kweCPIA, huwandu hwemabhatiri emhando yeN huchawedzera zvakanyanya kubva pa3% kusvika pa13.4% muna 2022. Zvinotarisirwa kuti mumakore mashanu anotevera, kudzokorora kwebhatiri remhando yeN kuenda kubhatiri remhando yeP kuchatanga. Zvichienderana nemhando yakasiyana yekumusoro, inogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvakasviba, zvinhu zvekoriori nezvinhu zvekorari. Pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasviba pane mwero wakaderera wekukombama, pasi pe5mm, hapana kushata kwemavara, hapana oxidation interlayer, uye mutengo wepamusoro; Pamusoro pezvinhu zvekoriori pane mwero wekukombama, 5-20mm, chikamu chacho chiri pakati nepakati, uye mutengo wacho uri pakati nepakati; nepo pamusoro pezvinhu zvekoriori paine kukombama kwakanyanya, Kudzika kwacho kwakakura kupfuura 20mm, chikamu chacho chakasununguka, uye mutengo wacho wakaderera. Zvinhu zvakawandisa zvinoshandiswa kunyanya kukweva monocrystalline silicon, nepo zvinhu zvekoriori nezvinhu zvekoriori zvichinyanya kushandiswa kugadzira polycrystalline silicon wafers. Mukugadzirwa kwezuva nezuva kwemabhizinesi, zvinhu zvakawandisa zvinogona kuwedzerwa ne30% yezvigadzirwa zvekoriori kuti zvigadzire monocrystalline silicon. Mutengo wezvinhu zvitsva unogona kuchengetedzwa, asi kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekoriori kunoderedza kushanda kwekristaro kusvika pamwero wakati. Makambani anofanirwa kusarudza chiyero chakakodzera chedoping mushure mekuyera zviviri izvi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, musiyano wemutengo pakati pezvinhu zvakawandisa nezvinhu zvekoriori wakadzikama pa3 RMB /kg. Kana musiyano wemutengo ukawedzera, makambani anogona kufunga nezvekushandisa zvakawanda zvekoriori mukukweva monocrystalline silicon.
3. Maitiro: Nzira yeSiemens inotora nzvimbo huru, uye kushandiswa kwesimba kunova kiyi yekuchinja kwetekinoroji
Maitiro ekugadzira polysilicon akakamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri. Mudanho rekutanga, upfu hwesilicon hweindasitiri hunoshandiswa nehydrogen chloride isina mvura kuti huwane trichlorosilane nehydrogen. Mushure mekudirwa nekucheneswa kakawanda, gaseous trichlorosilane, dichlorodihydrosilicon neSilane; danho rechipiri nderekuderedza gasi rataurwa pamusoro apa kuita crystalline silicon, uye danho rekuderedza rakasiyana nenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens uye nzira ye silane fluidized bed. Nzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens ine tekinoroji yekugadzira yakakura uye mhando yepamusoro yechigadzirwa, uye parizvino ndiyo tekinoroji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira. Nzira yechinyakare yekugadzira yeSiemens ndeyekushandisa chlorine nehydrogen kugadzira anhydrous hydrogen chloride, hydrogen chloride uye powdered industrial silicon kugadzira trichlorosilane patembiricha yakati, uye wobva waparadzanisa, kugadzirisa uye kuchenesa trichlorosilane. Silicon inoitwa nekupisa kwekudzikisa muchoto chehydrogen kuti iwane elemental silicon yakaiswa pasilicon core. Pachikonzero ichi, maitiro eSiemens akavandudzwa anewo maitiro ekutsigira ekudzokorodza huwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa zvakaita sehydrogen, hydrogen chloride, uye silicon tetrachloride zvinogadzirwa mukugadzirwa, kunyanya zvinosanganisira kuderedza kudzokororwa kwegasi remuswe uye tekinoroji yekushandisazve silicon tetrachloride. Hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, trichlorosilane, uye silicon tetrachloride mugasi reutsi zvinoparadzaniswa nekudzokororwa kwakaoma. Hydrogen nehydrogen chloride zvinogona kushandiswazve pakugadzira nekucheneswa ne trichlorosilane, uye trichlorosilane inodzokororwa zvakananga mukuderedza kupisa. Kucheneswa kunoitwa muchoto, uye silicon tetrachloride inoiswa hydrogenated kuti igadzire trichlorosilane, iyo inogona kushandiswa pakuchenesa. Danho iri rinonziwo cold hydrogenation treatment. Nekuita kugadzirwa kwe closed-circuit, mabhizinesi anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemagetsi, nokudaro achichengetedza mari yekugadzira.
Mari yekugadzira polysilicon uchishandisa nzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens muChina inosanganisira zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kushandiswa kwesimba, kudzikira kwemitengo, mari yekugadzirisa, nezvimwewo. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji muindasitiri kwadzikisa mutengo zvakanyanya. Zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvinonyanya kureva silicon yemuindasitiri netrichlorosilane, kushandiswa kwesimba kunosanganisira magetsi nemhepo, uye mari yekugadzirisa inoreva mari yekuongorora nekugadzirisa michina yekugadzira. Sekureva kwenhamba dzaBaichuan Yingfu pamusoro pemari yekugadzira polysilicon kutanga kwaChikumi 2022, zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa ndizvo zvinhu zvine mutengo wakakwira, zvichiita 41% yemutengo wese, iyo silicon yemuindasitiri ndiyo sosi huru yesilicon. Kushandiswa kweyuniti yesilicon inowanzoshandiswa muindasitiri kunomiririra huwandu hwesilicon inodyiwa payuniti imwe neimwe yezvigadzirwa zvesilicon zvine hutsanana hwakanyanya. Nzira yekuverenga ndeyekushandura zvinhu zvese zvine silicon zvakaita seupfu hwesilicon yemuindasitiri hwakatorwa netrichlorosilane kuita silicon yakachena, uye wobva wabvisa chlorosilane yakatorwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwesilicon yakachena inoshandurwa kubva muchiyero chesilicon content. Sekureva kwedata reCPIA, huwandu hwekushandiswa kwesilicon huchadzikira ne0.01 kg/kg-Si kusvika pa1.09 kg/kg-Si muna 2021. Zvinotarisirwa kuti nekuvandudzwa kwekurapwa kwehydrogenation inotonhora uye kudzokororwa kwezvimwe zvinhu, zvinotarisirwa kudzikira kusvika pa1.07 kg/kg panosvika 2030. kg-Si. Sekureva kwehuwandu husina kukwana, kushandiswa kwesilicon kwemakambani mashanu epamusoro eChina muindasitiri yepolysilicon kwakaderera pane avhareji yeindasitiri. Zvinozivikanwa kuti maviri acho achashandisa 1.08 kg/kg-Si uye 1.05 kg/kg-Si zvakateerana muna 2021. Chikamu chechipiri chepamusoro ndechekushandiswa kwesimba, zvichiita 32% muhuwandu hwese, izvo magetsi anoita 30% yemutengo wese, zvichiratidza kuti mutengo wemagetsi uye kushanda zvakanaka zvichiri zvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwepolysilicon. Zviratidzo zviviri zvikuru zvekuyera kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba kushandiswa kwesimba kwakakwana uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Kuderedzwa kushandiswa kwesimba zvinoreva maitiro ekuderedza trichlorosilane nehydrogen kugadzira zvinhu zvesilicon zvakachena zvakanyanya. Kushandiswa kwesimba kunosanganisira kupisa nekuisa silicon core. , kuchengetedza kupisa, kufefetera kwekupedzisira uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi. Muna 2021, nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwakazara, avhareji yesimba rinoshandiswa pakugadzira polysilicon ichadzikira ne5.3% gore negore kusvika pa63kWh/kg-Si, uye avhareji yekuderedza simba rinoshandiswa ichadzikira ne6.1% gore negore kusvika pa46kWh/kg-Si, iyo inotarisirwa kudzikira mune ramangwana. . Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikira kwemutengo chinhu chakakosha chemutengo, chichiita 17%. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, maererano nedata reBaichuan Yingfu, mutengo wekugadzira polysilicon kutanga kwaChikumi 2022 waive we55,816 yuan/ton, avhareji yemutengo wepolysilicon mumusika waive we260,000 yuan/ton, uye purofiti yakazara yaive yakakwira kusvika 70% kana kupfuura, saka yakakwezva huwandu hwakawanda hweMakambani anoisa mari mukuvaka kugona kwekugadzira polysilicon.
Kune nzira mbiri dzevagadziri vepolysilicon dzekuderedza mitengo, imwe ndeyekuderedza mitengo yezvinhu zvakacheneswa, uye imwe ndeyekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Panyaya yezvinhu zvakacheneswa, vagadziri vanogona kuderedza mutengo wezvinhu zvakacheneswa nekusaina zvibvumirano zvekushandira pamwe kwenguva refu nevagadziri vesilicon vemaindasitiri, kana kuvaka kugona kwekugadzira kwakabatana kwekumusoro nekudzika kwemvura. Semuenzaniso, mafekitori ekugadzira polysilicon anovimba nekugadzirwa kwavo kwesilicon yemaindasitiri. Panyaya yekushandiswa kwemagetsi, vagadziri vanogona kuderedza mitengo yemagetsi kuburikidza nemitengo yakaderera yemagetsi uye kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimba kwakazara. Inenge 70% yekushandiswa kwemagetsi kwakazara kunoderedza kushandiswa kwemagetsi, uye kuderedzawo chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwesilicon ine kristalline yakawanda. Naizvozvo, kugona kwekugadzira polysilicon kwakawanda muChina kwakatarisana munzvimbo dzine mitengo yakaderera yemagetsi senge Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan neYunnan. Nekudaro, nekufambira mberi kwemutemo we-two-carbon, zvakaoma kuwana huwandu hwakawanda hwesimba rakaderera. Naizvozvo, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kuderedza kuri nyore kuderedza mutengo nhasi. Way. Parizvino, nzira inoshanda yekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba ndeyekuwedzera huwandu hwesilicon cores muchoto chekuderedza, nokudaro kuwedzera kubuda kweyuniti imwe chete. Parizvino, mhando dzechoto chekuderedza muChina i36 peya dzetsvimbo, 40 peya dzetsvimbo uye 48 peya dzetsvimbo. Rudzi rwechoto rwakagadziridzwa kusvika pa60 peya dzetsvimbo uye 72 peya dzetsvimbo, asi panguva imwe chete, runopawo zvinodiwa zvepamusoro zvezinga retekinoroji yekugadzira yemakambani.
Kana tichienzanisa nenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens, nzira yemubhedha we silane fluidized ine zvakanakira zvitatu, imwe ishoma simba rinoshandiswa, imwe ihigh crystal pulling output, uye chechitatu ndechekuti zviri nani kusanganisa ne CCZ continuous Czochralski technology yepamusoro. Sekureva kwedata reSilicon Industry Branch, simba rinoshandiswa rese renzira yemubhedha we silane fluidized i33.33% yenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens, uye simba rinoshandiswa rekudzikisa i10% yenzira yakagadziridzwa yeSiemens. Nzira yemubhedha we silane fluidized ine zvakanakira zvikuru zvekushandisa simba. Panyaya ye crystal pulling, hunhu hwe granular silicon hunogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kuzadza zvizere quartz crucible mu single crystal silicon pulling rod link. Polycrystalline silicon negranular silicon zvinogona kuwedzera single furnace crucible charging capacity ne29%, ukuwo zvichideredza nguva yekuchaja ne41%, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwe single crystal silicon. Pamusoro pezvo, granular silicon ine dhayamita diki uye fluidity yakanaka, iyo yakakodzera zvakanyanya kune CCZ continuous Czochralski method. Parizvino, tekinoroji huru yekudhonza kristalo imwe chete pakati nepazasi ndiyo nzira yeRCZ single crystal re-casting, iyo ndeyekudyisa nekudhonza kristalo mushure mekunge tsvimbo imwe chete yesilicon yadhonzwa. Kudhirowa kunoitwa panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinochengetedza nguva yekutonhodza yetsvimbo imwe chete yesilicon, saka kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira kwakakwira. Kukurumidza kukura kwenzira yeCCZ continuous Czochralski kuchawedzerawo kudiwa kwesilicon ine granular. Kunyangwe granular silicon ine zvimwe zvakashata, zvakaita se silicon powder yakawanda inogadzirwa nekukweshana, nzvimbo yakakura uye nyore nyore kunyungudutsa tsvina, uye hydrogen inosanganiswa kuita hydrogen panguva yekunyunguduka, izvo zviri nyore kukonzera kusvetuka, asi zvichienderana nezviziviso zvechangobva kuitika zvemakambani e granular silicon, matambudziko aya ari kuvandudzwa uye kufambira mberi kwaitwa.
Maitiro ekugadzira silane fluidized bed ave kukura muEurope nemuUnited States, uye ari mukutanga kwayo mushure mekuunzwa kwemabhizinesi ekuChina. Kare kuma1980, silicon yekunze inomiririrwa neREC neMEMC yakatanga kuongorora kugadzirwa kwesilicon yegranular uye yakaita kugadzirwa kwakakura. Pakati pavo, kugona kwese kwekugadzira kwesilicon yegranular kwaREC kwakasvika matani 10,500 pagore muna 2010, uye kana ichienzaniswa neyakafanana neSiemens munguva imwe chete, yaive nemutengo weinenge US$2-3/kg. Nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvekudhonza kristalo imwe chete, kugadzirwa kwesilicon yegranular yekambani kwakamira uye pakupedzisira kwakamisa kugadzirwa, uye yakatendeukira kumubatanidzwa neChina kuti vagadzire bhizinesi rekugadzira kuti riite mukugadzirwa kwesilicon yegranular.
4. Zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa: Silikoni yemuindasitiri ndiyo chinhu chikuru, uye kuwanikwa kwayo kunogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuwedzera kwepolysilicon
Silikoni yemaindasitiri ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira polysilicon. Zvinotarisirwa kuti kugadzirwa kwesilicon yemaindasitiri muChina kuchakura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025. Kubva muna 2010 kusvika 2021, kugadzirwa kwesilicon yemaindasitiri muChina kuri muchikamu chekuwedzera, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore kwesimba rekugadzira uye kugona kwayo kusvika 7.4% uye 8.6%, zvichiteerana. Sekureva kweSMM data, kuwedzera kuchangobva kuitika.kugona kwekugadzira silicon yeindasitirimuChina kuchave nematani 890,000 nematani mamiriyoni 1.065 muna 2022 na2023. Tichifunga kuti makambani esimbi esimbi yesilicon acharamba aine mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba uye mwero wekushanda weinenge 60% mune ramangwana, China ichangobva kuwedzera.Kukwanisa kugadzira zvinhu muna 2022 na2023 kuchawedzera huwandu hwematani 320,000 uye matani 383,000. Zvichienderana nefungidziro yeGFCI,Kugona kwekugadzira silicon muindasitiri muChina musi wa22/23/24/25 kunosvika matani mamiriyoni 5.90/697/6.71/6.5, zvichienderana nematani mamiriyoni 3.55/391/4.18/4.38.
Kukura kwenzvimbo mbiri dzasara dzesilicon yeindasitiri dzakaiswa pamusoro kunononoka, uye kugadzirwa kwesilicon yeindasitiri muChina kunogona kusangana nekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon. Muna 2021, kugona kwekugadzira silicon yeindasitiri muChina kuchave matani mamiriyoni 5.385, zvichienderana nekubuda kwemamiriyoni 3.213 ematani, ayo polysilicon, organic silicon, uye aruminiyamu alloys achadya matani 623,000, matani 898,000, uye matani 649,000, zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, matani angangoita 780,000 emushonga anoshandiswa kutengeswa kunze kwenyika. Muna 2021, kushandiswa kwepolysilicon, organic silicon, uye aruminiyamu alloys kuchave 19%, 28%, uye 20% yesilicon yeindasitiri, zvichiteerana. Kubva 2022 kusvika 2025, kukura kwekugadzirwa kwesilicon yeorganic kunotarisirwa kuramba kuri pa10%, uye kukura kwekugadzirwa kwearuminiyamu alloy kwakaderera pane 5%. Saka, tinotenda kuti huwandu hwesilicon yemuindasitiri inogona kushandiswa papolysilicon muna 2022-2025 hwakakwana, izvo zvinogona kusangana zvizere nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira polysilicon.
5. Kuwanikwa kwePolysilicon:Chinaine chinzvimbo chikuru, uye kugadzirwa kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kumabhizinesi anotungamira
Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose kwakawedzera gore negore, uye kwave kuungana zvishoma nezvishoma muChina. Kubva muna 2017 kusvika 2021, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pagore pasi rose kwakawedzera kubva pamatani 432,000 kusvika pamatani 631,000, nekukura nekukurumidza muna 2021, nekukura kwe21.11%. Munguva iyi, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma muChina, uye chikamu chekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muChina chakawedzera kubva pa56.02% muna 2017 kusvika pa80.03% muna 2021. Tichienzanisa makambani gumi epamusoro mukugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose muna 2010 na2021, zvinogona kuwanikwa kuti huwandu hwemakambani eChina hwakawedzera kubva pa4 kusvika pa8, uye chikamu chekugadzira kwemamwe makambani eAmerica neKorea chadzikira zvakanyanya, chichidonha kubva mumapoka gumi epamusoro, akadai seHEMOLOCK, OCI, REC neMEMC; Kuwanda kwemakambani muindasitiri kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye kugona kwese kwekugadzira kwemakambani gumi epamusoro muindasitiri kwakawedzera kubva pa57.7% kusvika pa90.3%. Muna 2021, kune makambani mashanu ekuChina ane anopfuura 10% yesimba rekugadzira, zvichireva huwandu hwe65.7%. Pane zvikonzero zvitatu zvikuru zvekutamiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kweindasitiri yepolysilicon kuenda kuChina. Chekutanga, vagadziri vepolysilicon vekuChina vane mabhenefiti makuru maererano nezvinhu zvekugadzira, magetsi uye mari yevashandi. Mihoro yevashandi yakaderera pane yedzimwe nyika, saka mutengo wekugadzira muChina wakaderera zvikuru pane wedzimwe nyika, uye ucharamba uchidzikira nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji; chechipiri, mhando yezvigadzirwa zvepolysilicon zvekuChina iri kuramba ichivandudzika, mazhinji acho ari padanho rekutanga rezuva, uye makambani epamusoro ega ega ari muzvinodiwa zvekuchena. Kubudirira kwakaitwa mutekinoroji yekugadzira polysilicon yepamusoro, zvishoma nezvishoma zvichitungamira mukutsiviwa kwepolysilicon yemagetsi yemuno kune inopinzwa kunze kwenyika, uye makambani anotungamira ekuChina ari kusimudzira kuvakwa kwemapurojekiti epolysilicon emagetsi. Kugadzirwa kwesilicon wafers muChina kunopfuura 95% yehuwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa kwepasi rose, izvo zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma huwandu hwekuzviriritira kwepolysilicon muChina, izvo zvakadzvanya musika wemabhizinesi epolysilicon ekune dzimwe nyika kusvika pamwero wakati.
Kubva muna 2017 kusvika 2021, huwandu hwepolysilicon inoburitswa pagore muChina huchawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine simba rakawanda dzakadai seXinjiang, Inner Mongolia, neSichuan. Muna 2021, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muChina kuchawedzera kubva pamatani 392,000 kusvika pamatani 505,000, kuwedzera kwe28.83%. Panyaya yekugona kugadzira, kugona kwekugadzira polysilicon muChina kwave kuri kuwedzera, asi kwaderera muna 2020 nekuda kwekuvharwa kwevamwe vagadziri. Pamusoro pezvo, mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba remabhizinesi epolysilicon muChina wave uchiwedzera kubva muna 2018, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba muna 2021 uchasvika 97.12%. Panyaya dzematunhu, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muChina muna 2021 kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzine mitengo yakaderera yemagetsi senge Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, neSichuan. Chinobuda muXinjiang chinosvika matani 270,400, chinova chinopfuura hafu yezvese zvinobuda muChina.
Indasitiri yepolysilicon muChina inozivikanwa nekuwanda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, ine kukosha kweCR6 kwe77%, uye panenge paine kuwedzera kuri kuita mune ramangwana. Kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon iindasitiri ine mari yakawanda uye zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi. Kugadzirwa kwepurojekiti nekugadzirwa kweprojekiti kunowanzova makore maviri kana kupfuura. Zvakaoma kuti vagadziri vatsva vapinde muindasitiri iyi. Tichitarisa kubva pakuwedzera kwakarongwa uye mapurojekiti matsva mumakore matatu anotevera, vagadziri veoligopolistic muindasitiri iyi vacharamba vachiwedzera kugona kwavo kugadzira nekuda kwetekinoroji yavo uye zvakanakira kukura kwayo, uye chinzvimbo chavo che monopoly chicharamba chichikwira.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuwanikwa kwepolysilicon muChina kuchaunza kukura kukuru kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025, uye kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon kuchasvika matani mamiriyoni 1.194 muna 2025, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose. Muna 2021, nekukwira kwakanyanya kwemutengo wepolysilicon muChina, vagadziri vakuru vakaisa mari mukuvaka mitsetse mitsva yekugadzira, uye panguva imwe chete vakakwezva vagadziri vatsva kuti vabatane neindasitiri iyi. Sezvo mapurojekiti epolysilicon achizotora kanenge gore rimwe nehafu kusvika maviri kubva pakuvaka kusvika pakugadzirwa, kuvaka kutsva muna 2021 kuchapedzwa. Kugona kwekugadzira kunowanzoiswa mukugadzirwa muhafu yechipiri ya2022 na2023. Izvi zvinoenderana zvikuru nezvirongwa zvitsva zvepurojekiti zvakaziviswa nevagadziri vakuru pari zvino. Kugona kwekugadzira kutsva muna 2022-2025 kwakanyanya muna 2022 na2023. Mushure meizvozvo, sezvo kuwanikwa nekudiwa kwepolysilicon nemutengo zvichidzikama zvishoma nezvishoma, kugona kwese kwekugadzira muindasitiri kuchadzikama zvishoma nezvishoma. Kudzikira, ndiko kuti, kukura kwesimba rekugadzira zvinhu kwaderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Pamusoro pezvo, simba rekushandisa zvinhu zvemabhizinesi epolysilicon raramba riri padanho repamusoro mumakore maviri apfuura, asi zvichatora nguva kuti simba rekugadzira mapurojekiti matsva riwedzere, uye zvichatora nzira yekuti vatsva vagone tekinoroji yekugadzirira yakakodzera. Nokudaro, simba rekushandisa zvinhu zvemapurojekiti matsva epolysilicon mumakore mashoma anotevera richave rakaderera. Kubva pane izvi, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muna 2022-2025 kunogona kufanotaurwa, uye kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muna 2025 kunotarisirwa kuva matani angangoita mamiriyoni 1.194.
Kuwanda kwesimba rekugadzira zvinhu kunze kwenyika kwakakwira, uye mwero nekumhanya kwekuwedzera kwekugadzira mumakore matatu anotevera hazvizove zvakanyanya seChina. Kugona kwekugadzira zvinhu kunze kwenyika kunonyanya kuunganidzwa mumakambani mana anotungamira, uye mamwe akawanda ari mashoma. Panyaya yekugona kugadzira, Wacker Chem inotora hafu yesimba rekugadzira zvinhu kunze kwenyika. Mafekitori ayo muGermany neUnited States ane simba rekugadzira zvinhu rematani zviuru makumi matanhatu nemakumi maviri nematani zviuru makumi maviri, zvichiteerana. Kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba rekugadzira zvinhu pasi rose repolysilicon muna 2022 zvichienda mberi kunogona kukonzera matambudziko. Vachinetseka nezvekuwanda kwezvinhu, kambani ichiri mumamiriro ekumirira uye haina kuronga kuwedzera simba idzva rekugadzira. Kambani yeSouth Korea inonzi OCI iri kutamisa zvishoma nezvishoma mutsetse wayo wekugadzira polysilicon wezuva kuenda kuMalaysia uku ichichengetedza mutsetse wekutanga wekugadzira polysilicon wemagetsi muChina, uyo wakarongerwa kusvika matani 5,000 muna 2022. Kugona kweOCI kugadzira muMalaysia kuchasvika matani 27,000 nematani 30,000 muna 2020 na2021, zvichiita kuti pave nemitengo yakaderera yekushandisa simba uye kudzivirira mitengo yakakwira yepolysilicon muChina muUnited States neSouth Korea. Kambani iyi inoronga kugadzira matani 95,000 asi zuva rekutanga harina kujeka. Inotarisirwa kuwedzera kusvika pamatani 5,000 pagore mumakore mana anotevera. Kambani yeNorway inonzi REC ine nzvimbo mbiri dzekugadzira muWashington state neMontana, USA, ine kugona kwekugadzira matani 18,000 epolysilicon yezuva uye matani 2,000 epolysilicon yemagetsi. REC, iyo yaive mudambudziko guru rezvemari, yakasarudza kumisa kugadzirwa, uye yakakurudzirwa nekukura kwemitengo yepolysilicon muna 2021, kambani yakasarudza kutangazve kugadzirwa kwematani zviuru gumi nemasere emapurojekiti mudunhu reWashington uye matani zviuru zviviri muMontana panosvika kupera kwa2023, uye inogona kupedzisa kuwedzera kwesimba rekugadzira muna 2024. Hemlock ndiyo inogadzira polysilicon yakakura muUnited States, inonyanya kugadzira polysilicon yemagetsi yakachena kwazvo. Zvipingamupinyi zvetekinoroji yepamusoro zvinoita kuti zviomere kuti zvigadzirwa zvekambani zvitsiviwe mumusika. Pamwe chete nekuti kambani haina kuronga kuvaka mapurojekiti matsva mukati memakore mashoma, zvinotarisirwa kuti simba rekugadzira rekambani richava 2022-2025. Kubuda kwegore negore kunoramba kuri pa18,000 matani. Pamusoro pezvo, muna 2021, simba idzva rekugadzira remakambani kunze kwemakambani mana ari pamusoro apa richave matani zviuru zvishanu. Nekuda kwekusanzwisisa zvirongwa zvekugadzira zvemakambani ese, zvinofungidzirwa pano kuti kugona kwekugadzira kutsva kuchave matani zviuru zvishanu pagore kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025.
Zvichienderana nekukwanisa kugadzira zvinhu kunze kwenyika, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon kunze kwenyika muna 2025 kuchave matani angangoita 176,000, tichifunga kuti huwandu hwekushandiswa kwepolysilicon kunze kwenyika hucharamba husina kuchinja. Mushure mekunge mutengo wepolysilicon wakwira zvakanyanya muna 2021, makambani ekuChina akawedzera kugadzirwa uye akawedzera kugadzirwa. Kusiyana neizvi, makambani ekune dzimwe nyika ari kungwarira muzvirongwa zvavo zvemapurojekiti matsva. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kutonga kweindasitiri yepolysilicon kwatove mukutonga kweChina, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kusingatarisirwi kunogona kuunza kurasikirwa. Kubva pamutengo, kushandiswa kwesimba ndicho chikamu chikuru chemutengo wepolysilicon, saka mutengo wemagetsi wakakosha zvikuru, uye Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine zvakanakira zviri pachena. Kubva pakuda, senzira yakananga yepolysilicon, kugadzirwa kwesilicon wafer muChina kunodarika 99% yehuwandu hwepasi rose. Indasitiri yepolysilicon iri pasi inonyanya kuChina. Mutengo wepolysilicon unogadzirwa wakaderera, mutengo wekufambisa wakaderera, uye kudiwa kwacho kwakavimbiswa zvizere. Chechipiri, China yakaisa mutero wakakwira wekudzivirira kurasirwa kwemafuta kubva kuUnited States neSouth Korea, izvo zvakaderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta kubva kuUnited States neSouth Korea. Chenjererai mukuvaka mapurojekiti matsva; pamusoro pezvo, mumakore achangopfuura, mabhizinesi emafuta epolysilicon ekuChina ari kunze kwenyika ave achinonoka kukura nekuda kwemitengo, uye mamwe marongero ekugadzira akaderedzwa kana kutovharwa, uye huwandu hwavo mukugadzirwa kwenyika yese hwave huchidzikira gore negore, saka havazofanani nekukwira kwemitengo yemafuta epolysilicon muna 2021 sezvo purofiti yakakwira yekambani yeChina, mamiriro emari haana kukwana kutsigira kukura kwayo nekukurumidza uye kwakakura kwesimba rekugadzira.
Zvichibva pakufanotaura kwekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muChina nekune dzimwe nyika kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025, kukosha kwakafanotaurwa kwekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose kunogona kupfupikiswa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose muna 2025 kuchasvika matani mamiriyoni 1.371. Zvichienderana nekukosha kwakafanotaurwa kwekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon, chikamu cheChina chepasi rose chinogona kuwanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinotarisirwa kuti chikamu cheChina chichawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025, uye chichapfuura 87% muna 2025.
6, Pfupiso uye Maonero
Polysilicon iri pasi pesilicon yeindasitiri uye kumusoro kwecheni yese yeindasitiri ye photovoltaic ne semiconductor, uye chinzvimbo chayo chakakosha zvikuru. Cheni yeindasitiri ye photovoltaic inowanzo kuve polysilicon-silicon wafer-cell-module-photovoltaic yakaiswa, uye cheni yeindasitiri ye semiconductor inowanzo kuve polysilicon-monocrystalline silicon wafer-silicon wafer-chip. Mashandisirwo akasiyana ane zvinodiwa zvakasiyana pakuchena kwepolysilicon. Indasitiri ye photovoltaic inonyanya kushandisa polysilicon yesolar-grade, uye indasitiri ye semiconductor inoshandisa polysilicon ye electronic-grade. Yekutanga ine huwandu hwekuchena hwe6N-8N, nepo yekupedzisira ichida kuchena kwe9N kana kupfuura.
Kwemakore, nzira huru yekugadzira polysilicon yave iri nzira yeSiemens yakavandudzwa pasi rese. Mumakore achangopfuura, mamwe makambani ave achinyatsoongorora nzira yemubhedha we silane fluidized ine mutengo wakaderera, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro ekugadzira. Polysilicon yakagadzirwa nenzira yeSiemens yakagadziridzwa ine hunhu hwekushandisa simba rakawanda, mutengo wakakwira uye kuchena kwakanyanya, nepo granular silicon inogadzirwa nenzira ye silane fluidized ine hunhu hwekushandisa simba rakaderera, mutengo wakaderera uye kuchena kwakaderera. Mamwe makambani ekuChina akaona kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwe granular silicon uye tekinoroji yekushandisa granular silicon kudhonza polysilicon, asi hazvina kukurudzirwa zvakanyanya. Kana granular silicon inogona kutsiva yekutanga mune ramangwana zvinoenderana nekuti mukana wemutengo unogona here kufukidza zvikanganiso zvemhando, mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwepasi, uye kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwe silane. Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwe polysilicon pasi rose kwakawedzera gore negore, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kunoungana pamwe chete kuChina. Kubva muna 2017 kusvika 2021, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pagore pasi rose kuchawedzera kubva pamatani 432,000 kusvika pamatani 631,000, nekukura kukuru muna 2021. Munguva iyi, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kuChina, uye chikamu chekugadzirwa kwepolysilicon kuChina chakawedzera kubva pa56.02% muna 2017 kusvika pa80.03% muna 2021. Kubva muna 2022 kusvika 2025, kuwanikwa kwepolysilicon kuchaunza kukura kukuru. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon muna 2025 kuchave matani mamiriyoni 1.194 muChina, uye kugadzirwa kwekunze kwenyika kuchasvika matani zviuru zana nemakumi manomwe nezvitanhatu. Nokudaro, kugadzirwa kwepolysilicon pasi rose muna 2025 kuchave matani angangoita mamiriyoni 1.37.
(Chinyorwa ichi ndechekushandisa vatengi veUrbanMines chete uye hachimiriri mazano ekudyara mari)