I-Cesium iyisici sensimbi esingavamile nesibalulekile, kanti iShayina ibhekene nezinselelo ezivela eCanada nase-United States maqondana namalungelo okumba imayini ye-cesium enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, i-Tanko Mine. I-Cesium idlala indima engenakuphindwa emawashini e-athomu, amaseli elanga, imithi, ukumba uwoyela, njll. Futhi iyiminerali ehlakaniphile ngoba ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izikhali zenuzi kanye nezikhali ezicitshwayo.
Izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cesium.
I-Cesiumiyinto yensimbi engavamile kakhulu, okuqukethwe emvelweni kungama-3ppm kuphela, futhi ingenye yezinto ezinokuqukethwe kwensimbi ye-alkali ephansi kakhulu ongqimbeni lomhlaba. I-Cesium inezakhiwo eziningi eziyingqayizivele zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezifana nokuqhuba kukagesi okuphezulu kakhulu, iphuzu lokuncibilika eliphansi kakhulu kanye nokumuncwa kokukhanya okunamandla, okwenza isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene.
Kwezokuxhumana, i-cesium isetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo ze-fiber optic, ama-photodetector, ama-laser namanye amadivayisi ukuthuthukisa isivinini kanye nekhwalithi yokudluliselwa kwesignali. I-Cesium nayo iyinto ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana be-5G ngoba inganikeza izinsizakalo zokuvumelanisa isikhathi ngokunemba okuphezulu.
Emkhakheni wamandla, i-cesium ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amaseli elanga, amajeneretha e-ferrofluid, izinjini zokuhambisa ama-ion kanye namanye amadivayisi amasha wamandla ukuthuthukisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle. I-Cesium nayo iyinto ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezindiza njengoba isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula ngesathelayithi, amadivayisi okuthwebula izithombe zombono wasebusuku kanye nokuxhumana kwamafu e-ion.
Kwezokwelapha, i-cesium ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izidakamizwa ezifana namaphilisi okulala, imithi yokudambisa ukucindezeleka, imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa somuntu. I-Cesium isetshenziswa futhi ekwelashweni ngemisebe, njengokwelashwa komdlavuza, njengomdlavuza wendlala.
Embonini yamakhemikhali, i-cesium ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-catalyst, ama-reagent amakhemikhali, ama-electrolyte kanye neminye imikhiqizo ukuthuthukisa izinga kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusabela kwamakhemikhali. I-Cesium nayo iyinto ebalulekile ekubholeni uwoyela ngoba ingasetshenziswa ukwenza uketshezi lokubhoboza olunobuningi obukhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kanye nokusebenza kahle koketshezi lokubhoboza.
Ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza ze-cesium zomhlaba wonke. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-cesium kusekuthuthukisweni kukawoyela negesi yemvelo. Izakhi zayo ze-cesium zibumba futhii-cesium carbonateyizinhlayiya zokubhoboza ezinobuningi obukhulu, ezingathuthukisa ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlayiya zokubhoboza futhi zivimbele ukubhidlika kodonga lomthombo kanye nokuvuza kwegesi.
Amadiphozithi e-cesium garnet atholakala ezindaweni ezintathu kuphela emhlabeni: imayini iTanco eCanada, imayini iBikita eZimbabwe kanye nemayini iSinclair e-Australia. Phakathi kwazo, indawo yezimayini iTanco iyona imayini enkulu kunazo zonke ye-cesium garnet etholakale kuze kube manje, equkethe u-80% wemithombo ye-cesium garnet emhlabeni, kanti isilinganiso sezinga le-cesium oxide singama-23.3%. Amazinga e-Cesium oxide alinganiselwa ku-11.5% kanye no-17% ezimayini zaseBikita naseSinclair, ngokulandelana. Lezi zindawo ezintathu zezimayini ziyidiphozithi ze-lithium cesium tantalum (LCT) pegmatite ezijwayelekile, ezicebile nge-cesium garnet, okuyizinto eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza i-cesium.
Izinhlelo zokuthengwa nokwandiswa kwezimayini zeTanco eShayina.
I-United States ingumthengi omkhulu kakhulu we-cesium emhlabeni, ebalelwa cishe ku-40%, ilandelwe yiShayina. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi iShayina iyiyo yodwa ekumbiweni nasekuhlanzweni kwe-cesium, cishe zonke izimayini ezintathu ezinkulu zidluliselwe eShayina.
Ngaphambilini, ngemuva kokuba inkampani yaseShayina ithole imayini yaseTanko enkampanini yaseMelika futhi yaqala kabusha ukukhiqiza ngo-2020, yabhalisela nesabelo esingu-5.72% ku-PWM futhi yathola ilungelo lokuthenga yonke imikhiqizo ye-lithium, i-cesium kanye ne-tantalum yephrojekthi ye-Case Lake. Kodwa-ke, iCanada ngonyaka odlule yadinga izinkampani ezintathu zaseShayina ze-lithium ukuthi zithengise noma zihoxise isabelo sazo ezinkampanini zaseCanada zezimayini ze-lithium zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-90, isho izizathu zokuphepha kwezwe.
Ngaphambilini, i-Australia yayenqabe uhlelo lwenkampani yaseShayina lokuthola isabelo esingu-15% eLynas, umkhiqizi omkhulu womhlaba ongavamile e-Australia. Ngaphezu kokukhiqiza umhlaba ongavamile, i-Australia inelungelo lokuthuthukisa imayini yaseSinclair. Kodwa-ke, i-cesium garnet eyathuthukiswa esigabeni sokuqala semayini yaseSinclair yathengwa yinkampani yangaphandle iCabotSF eyathengwa yinkampani yaseShayina.
Indawo yokumba iBikita iyidiphozithi enkulu kunazo zonke ye-lithium-cesium-tantalum pegmatite e-Afrika futhi inemithombo yesibili ngobukhulu ye-cesium garnet emhlabeni, enesilinganiso se-cesium oxide esingu-11.5%. Le nkampani yaseShayina ithenge isabelo esingamaphesenti angu-51 kule mayini enkampanini yase-Australia ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-165 futhi ihlela ukwandisa amandla okukhiqiza i-lithium concentrate abe ngamathani angu-180,000 ngonyaka eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokuncintisana kweCanada kanye ne-US eMayini yeTanco
ICanada kanye ne-United States bangamalungu e-“Five Eyes Alliance” futhi banobudlelwano obuseduze kwezepolitiki kanye nezempi. Ngakho-ke, i-United States ingalawula ukutholakala kwezinsiza ze-cesium emhlabeni wonke noma ingenele ngabalingani bayo, okubangela usongo olukhulu eShayina.
Uhulumeni waseCanada ufake i-cesium ohlwini lwezimbiwa eziyinhloko futhi wethule uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zenqubomgomo zokuvikela nokuthuthukisa izimboni zasendaweni. Isibonelo, ngo-2019, iCanada ne-United States basayina isivumelwano esikhulu sokubambisana kwezezimayini ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe amabili ngokuphepha nokuthembeka kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezimbiwa ezifana ne-cesium. Ngo-2020, iCanada ne-Australia basayina isivumelwano esifanayo sokulwa ngokubambisana nethonya laseShayina emakethe yezimbiwa zomhlaba wonke. ICanada iphinde isekele izinkampani zokuthuthukiswa kwe-cesium ore kanye nokucubungula njenge-PWM ne-Cabot ngokutshalwa kwezimali, izibonelelo kanye nezikhuthazo zentela.
Njengomthengi omkhulu we-cesium emhlabeni, i-United States nayo ibheka ukubaluleka okukhulu enanini elibalulekile kanye nokuphepha kokuhlinzekwa kwe-cesium. Ngo-2018, i-United States yaqoka i-cesium njengenye yezimbiwa ezingu-35 ezibalulekile, futhi yahlanganisa umbiko obalulekile ngezimbiwa ezibalulekile, iphakamisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside kwe-cesium kanye nezinye izimbiwa.
Ukuhlelwa kanye nenkinga yezinye izinsiza ze-cesium eShayina.
Ngaphezu kwemayini iVikita, iShayina ifuna namathuba okuthola izinsiza ze-cesium kwezinye izifunda. Isibonelo, ngo-2019, inkampani yaseShayina yasayina isivumelwano sokubambisana nenkampani yasePeru ukuze ithuthukise ngokubambisana iphrojekthi yechibi likasawoti eningizimu yePeru equkethe izinto ezifana ne-lithium, i-potassium, i-boron, i-magnesium, i-strontium, i-calcium, i-sodium, kanye ne-cesium oxide. Kulindeleke ukuthi ibe yindawo yesibili ngobukhulu yokukhiqiza i-lithium eNingizimu Melika.
IShayina ibhekene nobunzima nezinselele eziningi ekwabiweni kwezinsizakusebenza ze-cesium zomhlaba wonke.
Okokuqala, izinsiza ze-cesium zomhlaba wonke zimbalwa kakhulu futhi zihlakazekile, futhi kunzima ngeShayina ukuthola amadiphozithi e-cesium amakhulu, asezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ashibhile. Okwesibili, ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile njenge-cesium kuya ngokuya kuba kubi kakhulu, futhi iShayina ingase ibhekane nokuphazamiseka kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kanye nezithiyo ezivela ekubuyekezweni kokutshalwa kwezimali eCanada, e-Australia nakwamanye amazwe kanye nemikhawulo ezinkampanini zaseShayina. Okwesithathu, ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha nokucubungula i-cesium buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buyabiza. IShayina Isabela Kanjani Empini Yezimbiwa Ezibucayi?
Ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nezintshisekelo zomnotho zamasimu abalulekile ezimbiwa aseShayina, uhulumeni waseShayina uhlela ukuthatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo zokulwa:
Qinisa ukuhlola nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ze-cesium emhlabeni, thola ama-deposit amasha e-cesium, futhi uthuthukise ukuzimela kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinsizakusebenza ze-cesium.
Qinisa ukuvuselelwa kwe-cesium, thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwe-cesium kanye nesivinini sokujikeleziswa kwayo, futhi unciphise imfucuza ye-cesium kanye nokungcola kwayo.
Qinisa ucwaningo lwesayensi lwe-cesium kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, uthuthukise izinto noma ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile be-cesium, futhi unciphise ukuncika nokusetshenziswa kwe-cesium.
Qinisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokushintshana nge-cesium, sungula indlela yokuhwebelana nokutshalwa kwezimali ye-cesium ezinzile nelungile namazwe afanele, futhi ulondoloze ukuhleleka okunempilo kwemakethe ye-cesium yomhlaba wonke.