Impi yezohwebo phakathi kwe-US ne-China iphakamise ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusebenzisa i-China ukuhweba ngezinsimbi ezingavamile.
Mayelana
• Ukungezwani okwandayo phakathi kwe-United States ne-China kubangele ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-Beijing ingasebenzisa isikhundla sayo esibusayo njengomhlinzeki wezinto ezingavamile ukuze isebenzise empini yezohwebo phakathi kwamandla amabili omnotho womhlaba.
• Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyiqembu lezinto ezingu-17 – i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, i-promethium, i-samarium, i-europium, i-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium, i-holmium, i-erbium, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, i-lutetium, i-scandium, i-yttrium – ezibonakala ngokugxila okuphansi emhlabathini.
• Azivamile ngoba kunzima futhi kuyabiza ukuzimba nokuzicubungula ngendlela ehlanzekile.
• Inhlabathi engavamile imbiwa eShayina, eNdiya, eNingizimu Afrika, eCanada, e-Australia, e-Estonia, eMalaysia naseBrazil.
Ukubaluleka Kwezinsimbi Ezingavamile Zomhlaba
• Zinezakhiwo ezihlukile zikagesi, zensimbi, ze-catalytic, ze-nuclear, ze-magnetic kanye neze-luminescent.
• Zibaluleke kakhulu ngokweqhinga ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwazo ubuchwepheshe obusha nobuhlukahlukene obuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi wamanje.
• Ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo, isibonelo, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okushisa okuphezulu, ukugcinwa okuphephile kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen kudinga lezi zinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile.
• Isidingo somhlaba wonke sama-REM sikhula kakhulu ngokuhambisana nokwanda kwawo ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, ezemvelo, kanye nezomnotho.
• Ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezihlukile ze-magnetic, luminescent, kanye ne-electrochemical, zisiza ebuchwephesheni ukusebenza ngesisindo esinciphile, ukukhishwa okunciphile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
• Izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba zisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi yabathengi, kusukela kuma-iPhone kuya kuma-satellite nama-laser.
• Zisetshenziswa futhi kumabhethri ashajwayo, izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe, amakhompyutha, izidlali ze-DVD, ama-wind turbine, ama-catalyst ezimotweni nasezindaweni zokuhluza uwoyela, ama-monitor, amathelevishini, ukukhanyisa, ama-fiber optics, ama-superconductor kanye nokupholisha ingilazi.
• Izimoto ze-E: Izinto eziningana zomhlaba ezingavamile, njenge-neodymium kanye ne-dysprosium, zibalulekile ezinjinini ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi.
• Imishini yezempi: Amanye amaminerali omhlaba angavamile abalulekile emishinini yezempi njengezinjini zejethi, izinhlelo zokuqondisa imicibisholo, izinhlelo zokuzivikela ezilwa nemicibisholo, amasathelayithi, kanye nama-laser. I-lanthanum, isibonelo, iyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe amadivayisi okubona ebusuku.
• IShayina iyikhaya lama-37% ezindawo zokugcina imvelo ezingavamile emhlabeni. Ngo-2017, iShayina yakhiqiza ama-81% omkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile emhlabeni.
• I-China ibamba iningi lamandla okucubungula emhlabeni futhi ihlinzeka ngo-80% womhlaba ongavamile ongeniswe yi-United States kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2017.
• Imayini yaseMountain Pass yaseCalifornia iyona kuphela indawo yokusebenza ye-rare earths yase-US. Kodwa ithumela ingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwayo eShayina ukuze icutshungulwe.
• IShayina ibeke intela engu-25% kulezo zinto ezingeniswayo ngesikhathi sempi yezohwebo.
• IShayina, i-Australia, i-US kanye ne-India ziyimithombo ebalulekile yomhlaba yezinto ezingavamile.
• Ngokwezilinganiso, isamba sezindawo zokugcina umhlaba ongavamile eNdiya singamathani ayizigidi eziyi-10.21.
• I-Monazite, equkethe i-thorium ne-Uranium, ingumthombo oyinhloko womhlaba ongavamile eNdiya. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwalezi zinto ezinemisebe, ukumbiwa kwesihlabathi se-monazite kwenziwa yinhlangano kahulumeni.
• I-India ibilokhu ingumhlinzeki wezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba kanye nenhlanganisela ethile eyisisekelo yomhlaba ongavamile. Asikwazanga ukuthuthukisa amayunithi okucubungula izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwe-China okungabizi kakhulu kuyimbangela enkulu yokwehla kokukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile eNdiya.