Imfazwe yorhwebo phakathi kwe-US ne-China iphakamise uloyiko malunga nokusebenzisa i-China urhwebo lwezinyithi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Malunga
• Ukwanda kwengxabano phakathi kwe-United States ne-China kubangele ixhala lokuba iBeijing ingasebenzisa isikhundla sayo esiphezulu njengomthengisi wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukuze ixhase imfazwe yorhwebo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini ezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela.
• Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezingaqhelekanga liqela lezinto ezili-17 – i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, i-promethium, i-samarium, i-europium, i-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium, i-holmium, i-erbium, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, i-lutetium, i-scandium, i-yttrium – ezibonakala ziphantsi kakhulu emhlabeni.
• Azixhaphakanga kuba kunzima kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuzimba nokuzicubungula ngendlela ecocekileyo.
• Ii-Rare earth zimbiwa eTshayina, eIndiya, eMzantsi Afrika, eKhanada, eOstreliya, e-Estonia, eMalaysia naseBrazil.
Ukubaluleka kweeMetali zoMhlaba ezingaqhelekanga
• Zineempawu ezikhethekileyo zombane, zesinyithi, ze-catalytic, zenyukliya, zemagnethi kunye neze-luminescent.
• Zibaluleke kakhulu ngokweqhinga ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwazo ubuchwepheshe obutsha nobuhlukeneyo obuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu lwangoku.
• Ubuchwepheshe bexesha elizayo, umzekelo, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla obushushu aphezulu, ukugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokuthuthwa kwehydrogen kufuna ezi zinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.
• Imfuno yehlabathi ye-REM iyanda kakhulu ngokuhambelana nokwanda kwayo kwiindawo zobuchwepheshe, okusingqongileyo, kunye noqoqosho oluphezulu.
• Ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezikhethekileyo zemagnethi, ukukhanya, kunye neekhemikhali, zinceda kwitekhnoloji ukusebenza ngokunciphisa ubunzima, ukukhutshwa okuncitshisiweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
• Izinto ezingaqhelekanga zomhlaba zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zabathengi, ukusuka kwii-iPhone ukuya kwiisathelayithi kunye nee-laser.
• Zikwasetyenziswa kwiibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona, iiseramikhi eziphambili, iikhompyutha, abadlali beDVD, iiturbine zomoya, ii-catalysts kwiimoto nakwiindawo zokucoca ioyile, iimonitha, oomabonakude, izibane, ii-fiber optics, ii-superconductors kunye nokupholisha iglasi.
• Iimoto ze-E: Izinto ezininzi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ezifana neodymium kunye ne-dysprosium, zibalulekile kwiimoto ezisetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane.
• Izixhobo zomkhosi: Ezinye izimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zibalulekile kwizixhobo zomkhosi ezifana neenjini zejethi, iinkqubo zokhokelo lweemissile, iinkqubo zokhuselo ezichasene neemissile, iisathelayithi, kunye nakwi-laser. I-lanthanum, umzekelo, iyadingeka ukwenza izixhobo zokubona ebusuku.
• I-China ine-37% yeendawo ezigciniweyo zehlabathi ezinqabileyo. Ngo-2017, i-China yayine-81% yemveliso yomhlaba onqabileyo kwihlabathi.
• I-China igcina uninzi lwamandla okucubungula umhlaba kwaye ibonelela nge-80% yomhlaba onqabileyo ongeniswe yi-United States ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2017.
• Umgodi waseMountain Pass eCalifornia yeyona ndawo kuphela esebenza e-US rare earths. Kodwa uthumela inxalenye enkulu ye-extract eTshayina ukuze isetyenzwe.
• I-China ibeke irhafu ye-25% kwezo zinto zingeniswayo ngexesha lemfazwe yorhwebo.
• ITshayina, iOstreliya, i-US kunye neIndiya ziindawo ezibalulekileyo kwihlabathi ezivelisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
• Ngokweqikelelo, iindawo ezigciniweyo zomhlaba onqabileyo eIndiya ziyi-10.21 yezigidi zeetoni.
• IMonazite, equlethe ithorium kunye neUranium, yeyona ndawo iphambili yokuvelisa umhlaba onqabileyo eIndiya. Ngenxa yokubakho kwezi zinto zinomoya ongcolileyo, ukwembiwa kwesanti yemonazite kwenziwa liqumrhu likarhulumente.
• I-India ibisoloko ingumthengisi wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nezinye izinto ezisisiseko ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Asikwazanga ukuphuhlisa iiyunithi zokucubungula izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
• Imveliso ebiza kancinci yiTshayina yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukwehla kwemveliso yezinto ezinqabileyo eIndiya.