Kutsegula mphamvu ya zipangizo zamakono: Trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium zimayendetsa luso la mafakitale.
Mu chitukuko chachangu cha mafakitale opanga zinthu zamakono komanso zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, trimethylaluminum (TMA, Al(CH3)3) ndi trimethylgallium (TMG, Ga(CH3)3) monga mankhwala achitsulo chamoyo (MO sources) akukhala maziko a zatsopano m'magawo a catalysis, semiconductors, photovoltaics ndi LEDs okhala ndi mphamvu zawo zabwino kwambiri zamankhwala komanso phindu losasinthika. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zaukadaulo zomwe zikupitilirabe komanso unyolo wokhazikika komanso wogwira ntchito bwino, China ikukhala malo okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi operekera trimethylaluminum ndi trimethylgallium.
Mwala wapangodya wa catalysis: chopereka chabwino kwambiri chatrimethylaluminum
Kuyambira pomwe ukadaulo wa Ziegler-Natta unayambira, mankhwala a organoaluminium akhala mphamvu yaikulu yopangira ma polyolefins (monga polyethylene ndi polypropylene). Pakati pawo, methylaluminoxane (MAO), yochokera ku trimethylaluminum yoyera kwambiri, monga chothandizira chachikulu, imayambitsa bwino ma catalyst osiyanasiyana achitsulo chosinthira ndikuyendetsa njira yayikulu kwambiri yopangira polymerization padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyera ndi kuchitapo kanthu kwa trimethylaluminum kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kugwira ntchito bwino kwa dongosolo lothandizira komanso mtundu wa polima womaliza.
Zoyambira zazikulu zopangira semiconductor ndi photovoltaic
Pakupanga ma chip a semiconductor, trimethylaluminium ndi gwero lofunika kwambiri la aluminiyamu. Imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosungira mpweya wa chemical vapor (CVD) kapena atomic layer deposition (ALD) kuti ipange bwino kwambiri.okusayidi wa aluminiyamu (Al2O3))Makanema okhazikika a dielectric (high-k) okwera kwambiri a zipata zapamwamba za transistor ndi maselo okumbukira. Zofunikira za kuyera kwa trimethylaluminium ndizokhwima kwambiri, makamaka pa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zachitsulo, zinyalala zokhala ndi mpweya, ndi zinyalala zachilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire kuti filimuyo ili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino komanso kudalirika.
Nthawi yomweyo, trimethylaluminum ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira kukula kwa ma semiconductor okhala ndi aluminiyamu (monga AlAs, AlN, AlP, AlSb, AlGaAs, AlGaN, AlInGaP, AlInGaN, ndi zina zotero) pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Zipangizozi ndi maziko a kulumikizana mwachangu, zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi zida zamagetsi za deep ultraviolet optoelectronic.
Mu makampani opanga ma photovoltaic, trimethylaluminum imagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kudzera mu plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) kapena ALD process, trimethylaluminum imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga aluminium oxide (Al2O3) passivation layer yapamwamba kwambiri. Passivation layer iyi ingathandize kuchepetsa kwambiri kutayika kwa recombination pamwamba pa ma cell a crystalline silicon solar, motero imapangitsa kuti ma cell asinthe kwambiri. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri popanga ma cell a solar omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Kuunikira tsogolo: Ma LED ndi zipangizo zamakono zamagetsi
Makampani opanga ma LED omwe akukula mwachangu amadalira kwambiri trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium. Mu kukula kwa epitaxial ya LED (MOVPE):
* Trimethylaluminium ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa zigawo za epitaxial za III-V zomwe zili ndi aluminiyamu monga aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma LED ndi ma laser a deep ultraviolet othamanga kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyika zigawo za Al2O3 kapena AlN passivation kuti ziwongolere kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kudalirika kwa zipangizo.
*Trimethylgallium (TMG)ndiye gwero lofunika kwambiri komanso lokhwima la gallium mu njira ya MOVPE. Ndiwo maziko oyambira kukonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma semiconductor okhala ndi gallium, kuphatikiza:
* Gallium Nitride (GaN): Chipangizo chapadera cha ma LED abuluu ndi oyera, ma laser (LD), ndi zida zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri.
* Gallium arsenide (GaAs): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zipangizo zamagetsi zothamanga kwambiri, zida zama wailesi, maselo a dzuwa omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso zipangizo zamagetsi zapafupi ndi infrared.
* Gallium phosphide (GaP) ndi gallium antimonide (GaSb): Ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'ma LED ofiira, achikasu, ndi obiriwira, ma photodetector, ndi zina zotero.
* Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS): chinthu choyamwa kuwala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maselo a dzuwa opyapyala kwambiri.
Kuyera ndi kukhazikika kwa trimethylgallium kumatsimikizira mwachindunji mtundu wa kristalo ndi mphamvu zamagetsi/zowala za epitaxial layer, zomwe pamapeto pake zimakhudza kuwala, kusinthasintha kwa mafunde, ndi moyo wa LED. Trimethylgallium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonzekera zipangizo zofunika kwambiri za filimu yopyapyala monga GaAs, GaN, ndi GaP, zomwe zimapereka ma microelectronics ndi zipangizo zama frequency apamwamba.
Kupereka kwa China: chitsimikizo cha khalidwe, kukhazikika, ndi magwiridwe antchito
China yapita patsogolo kwambiri pankhani ya mpweya wapadera wamagetsi woyera kwambiri komanso magwero a MO, ndipo yawonetsa zabwino zambiri pakupereka trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium:
1. Njira yoyeretsera zinthu zamakono: Makampani akuluakulu am'nyumba aphunzira bwino kwambiri kusungunula zinthu mosalekeza, kusakaniza zinthu, kuyeretsa zinthu kutentha kochepa komanso ukadaulo wina, ndipo amatha kupanga zinthu zambiri zoyera kwambiri za trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium za 6N (99.9999%) komanso zapamwamba, kuwongolera mosamala zinthu zodetsedwa ndi zitsulo (monga Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn), zinthu zodetsedwa ndi mpweya (monga ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi mpweya) ndi zinthu zodetsedwa zachilengedwe (monga ethylaluminum, dimethylaluminum hydride), ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za kukula kwa semiconductor ndi LED epitaxial.
2. Kupereka zinthu mokhazikika komanso mokhazikika: Chithandizo chokwanira cha unyolo wa mafakitale komanso kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira zinthu zomwe zikupitilirabe kumatsimikizira kuti trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium zikuperekedwa pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa zoopsa za unyolo wopereka zinthu.
3. Ubwino wa mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito: Kupanga zinthu m'deralo kumachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zonse (kuphatikizapo zinthu zoyendera, mitengo, ndi zina zotero) pamene kumapereka chithandizo chaukadaulo ndi ntchito zapafupi zomwe zimasinthasintha komanso zimayankha bwino.
4. Kupitiliza kupanga zinthu zatsopano: Makampani aku China akupitilizabe kuyika ndalama mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, kupitilizabe kukonza njira zopangira trimethylaluminium ndi trimethylgallium, kukonza bwino mtundu wa malonda ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndikupanga mwachangu zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za ukadaulo wa m'badwo wotsatira (monga Micro-LED, ma node semiconductors apamwamba kwambiri, ndi ma solar cell okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri).
Mapeto
Monga "majini ofunikira" a mafakitale amakono apamwamba, trimethylaluminum ndi trimethylgallium zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo a catalytic polymerization, semiconductor chips, high-efficiency photovoltaics, ndi advanced optoelectronics (LED/LD). Kusankha trimethylaluminum ndi trimethylgallium kuchokera ku China sikuti kungosankha zinthu zoyera kwambiri zomwe zikugwirizana ndi miyezo yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kusankha mnzanu wanzeru wokhala ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu cha kupanga, luso lopitilira kupanga zinthu zatsopano, komanso kuthekera koyankha bwino ntchito. Landirani trimethylaluminum ndi trimethylgallium zopangidwa ku China, mogwirizana zimathandizira kukweza mafakitale, ndikuyendetsa malire aukadaulo wamtsogolo!