ingabe izinyathelo zokulawula umhlaba zidonsela ukunaka emakethe, okwenza isimo sokuhweba phakathi kwe-US ne-China sibhekwe ngeso lokhozi
I-Baofeng Media, Okthoba 15, 2025, 2:55 PM
Ngo-Okthoba 9, uMnyango Wezohwebo waseShayina wamemezela ukwanda kwezilawuli zokuthumela ngaphandle komhlaba ongavamile. Ngosuku olulandelayo (Okthoba 10), imakethe yamasheya yase-US yabhekana nokwehla okukhulu. I-Rare earths, ngenxa yokuqhuba kwayo okuhle kakhulu kukagesi kanye nezakhiwo zayo zamagnetic, isibe yizinto ezibalulekile embonini yanamuhla, kanti iShayina imele cishe u-90% wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yokucubungula umhlaba ongavamile. Lokhu kulungiswa kwenqubomgomo yokuthumela ngaphandle kudale ukungaqiniseki kwezimoto zikagesi zaseYurophu naseMelika, izimboni ze-semiconductor, kanye nezokuvikela, okubangele ukuguquguquka kwemakethe. Kunokukhathazeka okubanzi ngokuthi ngabe lokhu kunyakaza kukhombisa ushintsho olusha ebudlelwaneni bezohwebo phakathi kwe-Sino-US.
Ziyini izihlabathi ezingavamile?
Umhlaba ongavamileIzakhi ziyigama elihlanganisiwe lezakhi zensimbi ezingu-17, okuhlanganisa i-lanthanides engu-15, i-scandium, ne-yttrium. Lezi zakhi zinezakhiwo zikagesi nezikazibuthe ezinhle kakhulu, okwenza zibe ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwawo wonke amadivayisi kagesi. Isibonelo, indiza yokulwa ye-F-35 isebenzisa cishe amakhilogremu angu-417 ezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, kuyilapho irobhothi elivamile elingumuntu lidla cishe amakhilogremu angu-4.
Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zibizwa ngokuthi “ezingavamile” hhayi ngoba izindawo zazo zokugcina ongqimbeni loMhlaba zincane kakhulu, kodwa ngoba zivame ukuba khona kuma-ore ngesimo esihlala ndawonye, esihlakazekile. Izakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali ziyafana, okwenza ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kube nzima kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivamile. Ukukhipha ama-ore ore ahlanzekile kakhulu kuma-ore kudinga izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokucwengisisa. IShayina sekuyisikhathi eside iqongelela izinzuzo ezibalulekile kulo mkhakha.
Izinzuzo zaseShayina emhlabeni ongavamile
I-China ingumholi kwezobuchwepheshe bokucubungula umhlaba ongavamile kanye nokuhlukanisa, futhi isebenzise izinqubo ezivuthiwe ezifana "nokukhipha isinyathelo ngesinyathelo (ukukhipha i-solvent)". Kubikwa ukuthi ubumsulwa bama-oxide ayo bungafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-99.9%, okungahlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zamasimu aphezulu njenge-semiconductors, i-aerospace kanye ne-elekthronikhi enembile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinqubo zendabuko ezisetshenziswa e-United States naseJapan zivame ukuthola ubumsulwa obungaba ngu-99%, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezimbonini ezithuthukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha baseShayina bungahlukanisa zonke izakhi ezingu-17 ngasikhathi sinye, kuyilapho inqubo yase-US ivame ukucubungula eyodwa ngesikhathi.
Ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, iShayina ifinyelele ekukhiqizweni okukhulu okulinganiswe ngamathani, kuyilapho i-United States okwamanje ikhiqiza kakhulu ngamakhilogremu. Lo mehluko ngesilinganiso uholele ekuncintisaneni okukhulu kwamanani. Ngenxa yalokho, iShayina iphethe cishe u-90% wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yokucubungula umhlaba ongavamile, futhi ngisho ne-ore yomhlaba ongavamile embiwa e-United States ivame ukuthunyelwa eShayina ukuze icutshungulwe.
Ngo-1992, uDeng Xiaoping wathi, “IMpumalanga Ephakathi inowoyela, kanti iShayina inomhlaba ongavamile.” Lesi sitatimende sibonisa ukuqaphela kwasekuqaleni kweShayina ukubaluleka komhlaba ongavamile njengomthombo wamasu. Lokhu kulungiswa kwenqubomgomo nakho kubhekwa njengesinyathelo ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka lwamasu.
Okuqukethwe okuqondile kwezinyathelo zokulawula umhlaba ongavamile zoMnyango Wezohwebo waseShayina
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kulo nyaka, iShayina isebenzise imikhawulo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezintweni eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba ezingavamile eziphakathi nezisindayo (i-Sm, i-Gd, i-Tb, i-Dy, i-Lu, i-Scan, ne-Yttrium), kanye nezinto ezihambisanayo ezisebenza njengomagnethi. Ngo-Okthoba 9, uMnyango Wezohwebo wandisa imikhawulo yawo ukuze ufake izinsimbi, ama-alloy, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nezinye izinto ezinhlanu: i-Europium, i-Holmium, i-Er, i-Thulium, ne-Ytterbium.
Njengamanje, ukuhlinzekwa kwangaphandle komhlabathi ongavamile okudingekayo kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe angaphansi kwama-nanometer angu-14, izinkumbulo ezinezingqimba ezingu-256 nangaphezulu kanye nemishini yazo yokukhiqiza nokuhlola, kanye nomhlabathi ongavamile osetshenziswa ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa obungasetshenziswa empini, kumele kuvunyelwe ngokuqinile yi-Ministry of Commerce yaseShayina.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ububanzi bokulawula buye banda ngale kwemikhiqizo ye-rare earth ngokwayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe lonke uhlu lobuchwepheshe nemishini yokucwenga, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokucubungula. Lokhu kulungiswa kungathinta ngisho nokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke kwezithako ezihlukile, kuthinte ngqo isidingo sase-US sezimoto zikagesi, ama-semiconductor athuthukile, kanye nokuzivikela. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ama-rare earth adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwama-drive motors e-Tesla, ama-semiconductor e-Nvidia, kanye nendiza yokulwa ye-F-35.