ngamanyathelo okulawula umhlaba atsala ingqalelo yemarike, nto leyo ebeka imeko yorhwebo phakathi kwe-US ne-China phantsi koqwalaselo
Baofeng Media, Okthobha 15, 2025, 2:55 PM
Ngomhla wesi-9 kweyeDwarha, uMphathiswa wezoRhwebo waseTshayina wabhengeza ukwanda kolawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezinqabileyo. Ngosuku olulandelayo (ngomhla we-10 kweyeDwarha), imakethi yesitokhwe yase-US yabona ukwehla okukhulu. Izinto ezinqabileyo, ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo umbane okugqwesileyo kunye neempawu zemagnethi, ziye zaba zizinto ezibalulekileyo kushishino lwanamhlanje, kwaye iTshayina ithatha malunga ne-90% yemarike yokucubungula izinto ezinqabileyo kwihlabathi liphela. Olu hlengahlengiso lomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ludale ukungaqiniseki kwizithuthi zombane zaseYurophu naseMelika, i-semiconductor, kunye namashishini okhuselo, nto leyo ebangele ukuguquguquka kwemarike. Kukho inkxalabo ebanzi malunga nokuba eli nyathelo libonisa utshintsho olutsha kubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kweSino-US.
Zithini ii-earths ezinqabileyo?
Umhlaba ongaqhelekangaIzinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zigama elidibeneyo lezinto ezili-17 zesinyithi, kuquka i-lanthanides ezili-15, i-scandium, kunye ne-yttrium. Ezi zinto zineempawu zombane kunye nemagnethi ezibalaseleyo, nto leyo ezenza zibe yimfuneko ekwenzeni zonke izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Umzekelo, inqwelo yokulwa ye-F-35 isebenzisa malunga neekhilogram ezingama-417 zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ngelixa irobhothi eqhelekileyo yomntu itya malunga neekhilogram ezi-4.
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibizwa ngokuba “zinqabile” kungengenxa yokuba iindawo ezigciniweyo kuqweqwe loMhlaba zincinci kakhulu, kodwa kungenxa yokuba zihlala zikhona kwiintsimbi ezihlala kunye, ezisasazekileyo. Iimpawu zazo zeekhemikhali ziyafana, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwahlulahlula kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Ukukhupha ii-oxides zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezicocekileyo kakhulu kwiintsimbi kufuna iinkqubo zokwahlulahlula eziphambili kunye nokucoca. I-China sele iqokelele iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kweli candelo.
Iingenelo zaseTshayina kwi-rare earths
I-China ikhokela kubuchwepheshe bokucubungula nokwahlulahlula umhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye isebenzise iinkqubo ezivuthiweyo ezifana "nokukhupha inyathelo ngenyathelo (ukukhupha i-solvent)". Kubikwa ukuba ubunyulu bee-oxides zayo bunokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-99.9%, nto leyo enokwanelisa iimfuno ezingqongqo zamacandelo aphezulu afana nee-semiconductors, i-aerospace kunye ne-precision electronics.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zemveli ezisetyenziswa eMelika naseJapan zihlala zifikelela kubumsulwa obumalunga ne-99%, nto leyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kumashishini aphucukileyo. Ngaphezu koko, abanye bakholelwa ukuba iteknoloji yokukhupha yaseTshayina inokwahlula zonke izinto ezili-17 ngaxeshanye, ngelixa inkqubo yase-US idla ngokusebenza enye ngexesha.
Ngokuphathelele isikali semveliso, iTshayina ifikelele kwimveliso yobuninzi elinganiswa ngeetoni, ngelixa iMelika ngoku ikakhulu ivelisa ngeekhilogram. Lo mahluko kwisikali ukhokelele ekukhuphisaneni okukhulu kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yoko, iTshayina iphethe malunga ne-90% yemarike yehlabathi yokucubungula umhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye ne-ore yomhlaba onqabileyo eyembiwa eMelika idla ngokuthunyelwa eTshayina ukuze isetyenzwe.
Ngo-1992, uDeng Xiaoping wathi, “UMbindi Mpuma uneoyile, kwaye iTshayina ineehlabathi ezinqabileyo.” Le ngxelo ibonisa ukuqaphela kwasekuqaleni kweTshayina ukubaluleka kweehlabathi ezinqabileyo njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo. Olu hlengahlengiso lomgaqo-nkqubo lukwabonwa njengenyathelo ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo sesicwangciso.
Umxholo othile weendlela zokulawula umhlaba ezinqabileyo zeSebe lezoRhwebo laseTshayina
Ukususela ngo-Epreli kulo nyaka, iTshayina iqalise imiqathango yokuthumela ngaphandle kwizinto ezisixhenxe zomhlaba ezinqabileyo eziphakathi nezinzima (Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Scan, kunye neYttrium), kunye nezixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina ezinxulumene nazo. Ngo-Okthobha 9, uMphathiswa wezoRhwebo wandisa imiqathango yakhe ukuze ibandakanye iintsimbi, ii-alloys, kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene nazo zezinye izinto ezintlanu: i-Europium, i-Holmium, i-Er, i-Thulium, kunye ne-Ytterbium.
Okwangoku, ukunikezelwa kwangaphandle kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezifunekayo kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo ezingaphantsi kwe-14 nanometers, iinkumbulo ezingama-256 nangaphezulu kunye nezixhobo zazo zokwenza nokuvavanya, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo ezisetyenziswa kuphando nophuhliso lobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ezinokusetyenziswa emkhosini, kufuneka zivunywe ngokungqongqo yiSebe lezoRhwebo laseTshayina.
Ngaphezu koko, ububanzi bolawulo buye banda ngaphaya kweemveliso ze-rare earth ngokwabo ukuze bubandakanye lonke uluhlu lwetekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zokucokisa, ukwahlula, kunye nokucubungula. Olu hlengahlengiso lunokuchaphazela nokunikezelwa kwe-extractants ezikhethekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, luchaphazele ngqo imfuno yase-US yezithuthi zombane, ii-semiconductors eziphambili, kunye nokhuselo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ii-rare earths zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenziweni kwee-drive motors zeTesla, ii-semiconductors zeNvidia, kunye ne-F-35 fighter jet.