Kodi njira zowongolera dziko lapansi zikukopa chidwi cha msika, zomwe zikuika patsogolo momwe malonda a US-China akugwiritsidwira ntchito
Baofeng Media, Okutobala 15, 2025, 2:55 PM
Pa Okutobala 9, Unduna wa Zamalonda ku China unalengeza kuti zinthu zoyendetsera kutumiza zinthu za rare earth kunja zikukula. Tsiku lotsatira (Okutobala 10), msika wamasheya ku US unatsika kwambiri. Rare earth, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zamagetsi komanso mphamvu zamaginito, zakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makampani amakono, ndipo China ili ndi pafupifupi 90% ya msika wapadziko lonse wokonza zinthu za rare earth. Kusintha kwa mfundo zotumizira zinthu kunja kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti mafakitale amagetsi aku Europe ndi America, semiconductor, ndi chitetezo asakhazikike, zomwe zayambitsa kusakhazikika kwa msika. Pali nkhawa yayikulu yoti ngati izi zikusonyeza kusintha kwatsopano mu ubale wamalonda pakati pa mayiko a Sino-US.
Kodi nthaka yosowa ndi chiyani?
Dziko losowaZinthu zimenezi ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi a zinthu 17 zachitsulo, kuphatikizapo lanthanides 15, scandium, ndi yttrium. Zinthu zimenezi zili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi maginito abwino kwambiri, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira popanga zipangizo zamagetsi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ndege yankhondo ya F-35 imagwiritsa ntchito makilogalamu pafupifupi 417 a zinthu zachilengedwe zosadziwika bwino, pomwe loboti wamba yofanana ndi munthu imadya makilogalamu pafupifupi 4.
Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa zimatchedwa "zosowa" osati chifukwa chakuti zosungira zake mu nthaka ya Dziko lapansi ndi zazing'ono kwambiri, koma chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu miyala yamtengo wapatali yomwe imafalikira nthawi imodzi. Makhalidwe awo a mankhwala ndi ofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulekanitsa bwino kukhale kovuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe. Kutulutsa ma oxide a rare earth oyera kwambiri kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali kumafuna njira zolekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa zapamwamba. China yakhala ikusonkhanitsa zabwino zambiri m'munda uno.
Ubwino wa China pa zinthu zachilengedwe zosowa
China ndi mtsogoleri mu ukadaulo wokonza ndi kulekanitsa nthaka yosowa, ndipo yagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono monga "kuchotsa pang'onopang'ono (kuchotsa zosungunulira)". Zanenedwa kuti kuyera kwa ma oxide ake kumatha kufika pa 99.9%, zomwe zingakwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri za madera apamwamba monga ma semiconductors, aerospace ndi ma precision electronics.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, njira zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States ndi Japan nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera pafupifupi 99%, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale apamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, ena amakhulupirira kuti ukadaulo waku China wochotsa zinthu ukhoza kulekanitsa zinthu zonse 17 nthawi imodzi, pomwe njira yaku US nthawi zambiri imangogwira chimodzi chimodzi.
Ponena za kukula kwa kupanga, China yapeza kupanga kwakukulu koyezedwa mu matani, pomwe United States pakadali pano imapanga makamaka mu ma kilogalamu. Kusiyana kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti mitengo ikhale yopikisana kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, China ili ndi pafupifupi 90% ya msika wapadziko lonse wokonza nthaka yosowa, ndipo ngakhale miyala yamtengo wapatali yomwe imakumbidwa ku United States nthawi zambiri imatumizidwa ku China kuti ikakonzedwe.
Mu 1992, Deng Xiaoping anati, “Ku Middle East kuli mafuta, ndipo China ili ndi nthaka yosowa.” Mawu awa akusonyeza kuzindikira koyamba kwa China kufunika kwa nthaka yosowa ngati chuma chanzeru. Kusintha kwa mfundo kumeneku kumaonedwanso ngati njira yopitira mkati mwa dongosolo lanzeruli.
Zomwe zili mu njira zowongolera zachilengedwe za Unduna wa Zamalonda ku China
Kuyambira mu Epulo chaka chino, China yakhazikitsa ziletso zotumiza kunja kwa dziko lapansi pazinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zapakati ndi zolemera za nthaka yosowa (Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Scan, ndi Yttrium), komanso zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi maginito okhazikika. Pa Okutobala 9, Unduna wa Zamalonda unakulitsanso ziletso zake kuti ziphatikizepo zitsulo, alloys, ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi zinthu zina zisanu: Europium, Holmium, Er, Thulium, ndi Ytterbium.
Pakadali pano, kupezeka kwa ma earth osowa omwe amafunikira pa ma circuits ophatikizidwa osakwana 14 nanometers, zokumbukira za 256-layer ndi kupitirira apo komanso zida zawo zopangira ndi kuyesa, komanso ma earth osowa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi kupanga luntha lochita kupanga lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zamalonda wa China.
Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zowongolera zakula kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe zokha kuti ziphatikizepo ukadaulo wonse ndi zida zoyeretsera, kulekanitsa, ndi kukonza. Kusinthaku kungakhudzenso kupezeka kwa zinthu zapadera padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji kufunikira kwa magalimoto amagetsi ku US, ma semiconductor apamwamba, ndi chitetezo. Chodziwika bwino n'chakuti, ma rare earth amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga ma drive motors a Tesla, ma semiconductor a Nvidia, ndi ndege yankhondo ya F-35.